Semester 1 Final Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Chemistry |
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| the study of the composition of matter |
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| Organic Chemistry |
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| the study of essentially all substances containing carbon |
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| Inorganic Chemistry |
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| specializes primarily in substances that do not contain carbon |
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| Analytical Chemistry |
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| is concerned with the composition of substances |
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| Physical Chemistry |
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| is concerned with theories and experiments that describe the behavior of chemicals |
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| Biochemistry |
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| is the study of hte chemitry of living organisms |
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| Scientific Method |
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| is one logical approach to the soulutionof scienctific problems |
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| observation |
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| using your senses to obtain information directly |
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| Hypothesis |
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| a proposed explanation or reason for what is observed |
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| Experiment |
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| a means to test a hypothesis |
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| Theory |
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| a broud and extensively tested explanation of why experiments give certain results |
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| Scientific Law |
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| a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments |
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| Matter |
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| anything that has mass and takes up space |
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| Mass |
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| the amount of matter the object contains |
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| Substance |
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| Matter taht has a uniform and definite composition |
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| Pyysical property |
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| a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substances composition |
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| Solid |
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| matter that has a definate shape or volume |
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| LIquid |
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| a form of matter that flows and has a fixed volume and takes the shape of its container |
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| Gas |
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| matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container |
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| vapor |
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| the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temp. |
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| Physical Change |
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| a change which alters a given material with out changing its composition |
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| Mixture |
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| a phyysical blend of two or more substances |
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| Heterogeneious mixture |
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| a mixture that not uniform in composition |
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| Homogeneous mixture |
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| a mixutre that has a completely uniformed composition |
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| soulutions |
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| a homogeneous mixure |
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| Phase |
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| any part of a system with uniform composition and properties |
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| distiollation |
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| a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid |
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| distillation |
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| a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid |
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| distillation |
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| a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid |
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| Elements |
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| the simplest forms of matter that can exist under normal laboratory conditions |
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| Compounds |
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| substances that can be separated into simpler substances only by chemical means |
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| Chemical Symbol |
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| The one or two letters that represent each element (on the periodic table) |
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| Chemical Reaction |
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| one or more substances change into new substances |
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| Reactants |
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| The starting substances |
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| Products |
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| substances formed by a chemical reaction |
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| Chemical property |
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| the ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and to form a new substance |
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| Law of Conservation of Mass |
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| states that in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it is conserved |
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| Qualitative measurements |
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| give results in a descriptive non numerical form |
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| Quanitative measurements |
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| give results in a definite form, usually as numbers and units |
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| scientific notation |
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| a number written as a product of two numbers: a coefficient and 10 raised to a power |
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| Accuracy |
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| a measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true value of whatever is measured |
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| precision |
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| a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another |
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| Accepted Value |
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| the correct value based on reliable references |
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| Experimental value |
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| teh value measured in the lab |
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| error |
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| the difference between the accepted and the experimental value |
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| Percent Error |
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| the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value and multiplied bye 100% |
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| Significant Figures |
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| the significant figured ina measurement include all of the digits that are known, plus a last digit that is estimated |
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| The international system of units(SI) |
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| a revised version of the metric system |
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| density |
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| the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume mass D= ----- Volume |
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| Specific Gravity |
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| a comparison of the density of a substance with the density of a reference substance, ususally at the same temperature density of a substance (g/cm3) SG= ------------------------------ density or water (g/cm3)<-cm cubed |
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| hydrometer |
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| a device used to measure specific gravity |
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| Temperature |
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| determins the direction fo heat tranfer |
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| Celsius scale |
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| sets the freezing point of water at 0degrees celcius and the boiling point at 100 degrees celcius |
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| Kelvin scale |
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| freezing point of water is 273.15 kelvins boiling point is 373.15 kelvins |
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| absolute zero |
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| 0 degrees on the kelvin scale is equal to -273.15 degrees C K=C+273 C=K-273 |
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| Conversion factor |
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| a ratio of equivalent maeasurements such as 100 cm 1 m ------ or ---- =1 1 m 100 cm |
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| Dimensional Analysis |
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| a way to analyze and solve problems using the units or dimensions, or the measurements |
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| Dalton's Atomic Theory |
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| 1. All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms 2.Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element 3.Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine with one another in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds 4.Cehmical reactions occure when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged. Atoms of one element, however, are never changed into atoms of anothere lement as a result of a chemical reaction |
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| Atom |
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| The smallest particle of an element tht retains the properties of that element |
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| Electrons |
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| negatively charged subatomic particles |
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| Cathode ray |
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| a beam which travels from the cathode to the anode |
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| Proton |
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| positively charged subatomic particles |
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| Nuetrons |
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| subatomic particles with on charge but with a mass nearly equal to that of a proton |
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| Atomic Number |
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| the nuber of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element |
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| Mass Number |
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| total nuber or protons nad neutrons in an atom |
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| isotopes |
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| atoms that have the same nuber of protons but different number of neutrons |
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| atomic mass unit (atm) |
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| one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom |
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| Atomic Mass |
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| a weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element |
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| periods |
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| horizantal rows in the periodic table |
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| periodic law |
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| when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties |
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| group |
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| vertical columns of elements in the periodic table |
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| Representative elements |
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| Group A elements ....the exhibit a wide range of both physical and chemical properties |
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| metals |
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| have a high electical conductvity and a high luster when clean ...are ductile and malleable |
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| alkali metals |
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| group 1A elements |
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| Alkaline earth metals |
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| Group 2A elements...most of the remaining elementare are not Group A elements are are also metals |
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| Transition metals and Inner transition metals |
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| Group B elements.... Copper silver gold and iron are familiar transition metals |
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| Transition metals and Inner transition metals |
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| Group B elements.... Copper silver gold and iron are familiar transition metals |
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| non metals |
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| elements that are generally nonlustrous and that are generally poor conductors of electricity..some are gases at room temperature |
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| Halogens |
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| the nonmetals of group 7A and inclue chlorine and bromine |
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| Noble gases |
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| The non metals of group 0 sometiems called the inert gases because they undergo few chemical reactions |
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| Metalloids |
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| elements that boarder the step ladder line..... elements with properties that are intermediate between tehose of metals and nonmetals |
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| Molecule |
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| the smallest electically nuetral unit of a substance that still has the properties of the substance |
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| molecular compound |
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| compounds composed of molecules |
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| Ions |
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| atoms or groups of atoms thath ave a positive or negative charge |
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| cation |
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| any atom or group of atoms that has a a posivive charge |
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| anions |
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| atoms or group of atoms that have a negative charge |
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| ionic compounds |
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| compounds composed of cations and anions |
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| monatomic ions |
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| ions consisting of only one atom;ionic charges can often be determined by using the periodic table |
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| polyatomic ions |
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| tightly bound groups of atoms taht behvae as a unit and carry a charge... ex. sulfate SO 4 |
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| Binary compounds |
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| compounds composed of two elements |
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| Ternary compound |
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| a compound that contains atoms of three different elements |
