Medical And Applied Sciences – Flashcards
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radiation
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the transfer of energy that is transmitted from one place to another by electromagnetic waves
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what does the sun emit?
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light and energy all the time in the form of radiation called electromagnetic waves
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crest
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top of wave
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frequency
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how often the crest moves
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do man-made things emit radiation?
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yes
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radio waves
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pass around everywhere, don't pass through solid objects, weak, low frequency
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microwave
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emits low amounts of radiation
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visible light
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emits light by the sun, eliminates objects, can't pass through everything
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x-rays
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high frequency, almost shoots all the way through bones, dangerous because it pierces through you
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gamma rays
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worst ones, high frequency, reduced by nuclear power plants, atmosphere blocks most bad radiation, if you get hit with one, you die within minutes or seconds
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microphone
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hear the sound by - sound waves are converted into electromagnetic waves called radio waves. Then, converted back into sound waves and goes through a speaker.
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sound waves
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type of mechanical wave
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electromagnetic spectrum
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arrangement of electromagnetic radiation
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is there sound in space?
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NO
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how do we communicate in space?
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by radio waves across the sky, both people wear microphones and earpieces, the sound waves go to radio waves and then back to sound waves
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speed of light
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speed at which light travels, 186,000 mps, 300,000 kps, made of photons, almost pure energy, when you go the speed of light, the shape of the vehicle would change, time would slow down, and length of mass would get bigger 3 times
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ex. of speed of light
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plane traveling at 6,000 mph is supposed to reach a far away planet in 20 minutes, but because the faster you go, time slows down, it really takes 20 years!
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light year
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distance, measurement of 6 trillion miles
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speed of sound
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about 781 mps
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optical telescopes
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use light to produce magnified images of objects, light is collected by an objective lens or mirror, which then forms an image at the focal point of a telescope
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focal point
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where light that is bent by the lens or reflected by the mirror comes together to form an image
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eyepiece
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magnifies the image
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refracting telescope
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means to change, uses convex lenses which are curved outward like the surface of a ball
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reflecting telescope
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reflects the image, uses a concave mirror to direct light
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observatories
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often have dome-shaped roofs that can be opened for viewing
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Hubble Space Telescope
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not located in an observatory, reflecting telescope, launched in 1990 by the space shuttle 'Discovery', images were blurry because a mirror was misshaped, pictures after are now extremely valuable
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who discovered the first telescope? when?
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Galileo Galilei in early 1600
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Twin Keck Reflecting Telescope
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has segment mirrors 10 meters wide, until 2000 largest reflectors used
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active optics
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a computer corrects for changes in temperature, mirror distortions, and bad viewing conditions
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adaptive optics
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uses a laser to probe the atmosphere and relay information to a computer about air turbulence
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radio telescope
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used to detect objects in space, to map the universe, and to search for signs of intelligent life on other planets, useful 24 hours a day under most weather conditions
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what is 1 advantage of radio telescopes over optical telescopes?
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radio telescopes are useful 24 hours per day under most weather conditions because it doesn't use visible light
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what is the difference between sound waves and radio waves?
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sound - mechanical waves, travel slower, need oxygen radio - electromagnetic, travel faster, don't need oxygen
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rockets
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engines that have everything they need for the burning of fuel without air, therefore can work in space
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liquid-propellant rocket
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can be shut down after ignited and can be restarted, preferred for use in long-term space missions, very successful, powered Voyager & Galileo
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solid-propellent rockets
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simpler, can't be restarted after ignited, uses a rubber-like fuel that contains its own oxidizer
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burning chamber
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tube that has a nozzle at one end
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Space Age
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started in 1957 between the superpowers, when the former Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite into orbit -- Sputnik.
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satellite
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any object that travels around another object
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orbit
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the result of a satellite traveling forward while at the same time being pulled toward Earth
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Sputnik 1
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orbited Earth for 57 days before gravity pulled it back toward into the atmosphere where it burned up, an experiment to show that artificial satellites could be made and put into orbit around Earth
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how many satellites orbit Earth today?
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thousands
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space probe
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instrument that travels into the solar system and gathers data and sends back to Earth
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Voyager 1 & 2
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Space probes that are exploring space beyond the solar system, launched in 1977,will send info for about 20 more yrs., 1 flew past Jupiter and Saturn, 2 past Uranus, Neptune, and Jupiter, farthest man-made object, about to enter interstellar space, has a golden record on it with sounds of Earth and music
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Pioneer 10
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Launched in 1972, the first probe to survive a trip through the asteroid belt and encounter an outer planet, Jupiter. As of 2003, this probe was more than 12 billion km from Earth and will continue beyond the solar system. This probe carries a gold medallion with an engraving of a man, a woman, and Earth's position in the galaxy.
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Galileo
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1989, Jupiter - 1995, studied Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, ended its study in 2000
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who was the 1st human in space? what country was he from?
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1961- Yuri A. Gagarin, soviet union
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Project Mercury
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first U.S. space program that orbited a piloted spacecraft around Earth and brought it back safely, launched 1st U.S. satellite in space, which was named Explorer-1958
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who was the 1st U.S citizen in space? when?
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Alan B. Shepard, May 5, 1961
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who was the 1st U.S citizen to orbit Earth? when?
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John Glen, 1962
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Project Gemini
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second stage in the U.S. program to reach the Moon, in which an astronaut team connected with another spacecraft in orbit, needed to go to the moon, Ranger-1966
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Surveyor
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1966 landed on the moon
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Project Apollo
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final stage of the U.S. space program to reach the Moon, with Apollo II landing on the Moon's surface on July 20, 1969
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who was the first human on the moon? what were his first words?
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Neil Armstrong, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
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who was the 2nd person on the moon? 3rd?
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Edwin Aldrin, with Neil, Michael Collins, but stayed in the module
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how long were they there?
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2 hours
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how many lunar landings were there? how many samples of rocks and soil were brought back? when did the program end?
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6, 2000, 1972
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how many satellites in space?
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3000-5000
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are the space probes light-weight?
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yes, so they can break through Earth's atmosphere
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Xenon gas
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only can be used in space, light-weight, only need a little and will last a very long time
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Ion thrusters
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uses xenon gas to power its thrusters
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Viking 1 and 2
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1 - lander, 2 - orbiter, 1975, landed on Mars to take pics. and readings
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Mars Rover
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spacecraft that took it known as "The Mars Pathfinder", rover named "Sojourner", landed in 1997, rovered around for 3 months-was expected to stay for 30 days
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"Spirit" and "Opportunity"
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twin rovers that analyzed Martian rocks and soils, bigger than "Sojourner", hoping for 90 days, got 6 years from Spirit, Spirit got stuck in 2009, got freed, but lost connections with in in 2010, Opportunity-still working today
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how did we get a Mars rock?
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meteorite hit it and rocks hit Earth
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Phoenix
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2008, Mars, collected soil samples near the Northern poles, to search for water and investigate Mars geological history and biological potential (life)
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Curiosity
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car-sized rover, location-Gale Crater on Mars where we believe there is water, investigation of life and water, same area as "Opportunity"
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Pioneer 10 & 11
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10-1st space probe to get through the asteroid belt, both have left our universe and are past Pluto, has a golden plaque showing basic info about us and our location,shows humans in their simplest form on it
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do most astronauts go into true space?
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no
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what did we leave on the moon?
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a reflecting mirror, several flags, footprints
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what country put the 1st lab in space? what was it called?
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Russia, Salyut, only held 1 person, no longer in orbit, Dr. Polyakou was there for 438 days
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what was the U.S.'s lab named? when?
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Skylab, 1973-1979 but only used until 1995, didn't work
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what was Russia's 2nd lab called? when?
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Russia Mir, 1986-1998, worked extremely well, burned up in 2001
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when did the Russians become friends with the Americans?
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in the 90's, still friends, American's used the Mir
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International Space Station
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lots of countries worked together for this, some were Japan, Russia, U.S., and Europe, 3-4 people are up there now, will be abandoned 2015-2018
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space shuttle
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less expensive and less wasteful spacecraft that is reusable that transports astronauts, satellites, and other materials to and from space, has 2 solid-fuels booster rockets, land back on Earth like an airplane, 1st used-1981, retired-2011, expensive
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cargo bay
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astronauts conduct scientific experiments and determine the effects of space on the human body
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space station
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has living quarters, work and exercise areas, and all the equipment and support systems humans need to live and work on space
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what spacecraft did Dr. Norman Thagard launch into orbit on?
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Soyuz
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New Millennium Program
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purpose is to create advanced technology that will let NASA send smart spacecraft into the solar system
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Lunar Prospector
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1998-1 year mission to orbit the moon, mapping its structure and composition, data indicates-might be water ice in craters of the moon's poles
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Cassini
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Oct. 1997, Saturn in 2004, explored for 4 years, and its largest moon, Titan
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James Webb Space Telescope
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successor the Hubble Space Telescope; it is planned to observe the 1st galaxies and stars in the universe, can see objects 400x fainter, planned to launch no earlier than 2013, uses rare Earth materials, uses infrared, will be put in orbit about 1 million miles away,
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space medicine
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led to better ways to diagnose and treat heart disease and heart pacemakers and help deaf people hear
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space technology
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can help catch criminals and prevents accidents
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what is the main advantage of a space shuttle?
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reusable, less wasteful, less expensive, and has a massive cargo bay
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what is the importance of the Mir docking missions?
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ability to manerver and put things together in space
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3 ways space technology benefits to everyday life
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space medicine has led to ways to diagnose and treat heart disease and to better pacemakers, a screening system that works on infants is helping eye doctors spot vision problems early, help catch criminals and prevent accidents, GPS, help deaf people hear
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NASA sold this material to Nike to help that their shoes more light-weight, what is it?
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vectran
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how does NASA send space telescopes into space if they are shut down?
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they hire private companies
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how do Americans get to space?
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we have to send them to Russia, $80 million per seat, per ride to the Russians
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can normal people go into space?
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yes, for $200,000, you can spend 3.5 hours in very low orbit with about 6 minutes of weightlessness
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Space X
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one of NASA's private companies, made the Dragon, transports cargo, can come back to Earth safely, hired for 12 missions for $1.6 billion, 2005-Dragon redesigned to take humans for $440 million, possible rover missions for $425 million, want to create a base on the moon
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Falcon 9
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gets you into space faster, fuel efficient, liquid-propellant rocket
