SCI 150 – Chemistry – Flashcards
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| energy |
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| capacity to do work |
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| potential energy |
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| stored energy due to position or chemical structure |
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| kinetic energy |
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| energy of motion |
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| units of energy, work, and heat |
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| calories or joules 1 cal=4.184 J |
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| temperature |
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| not the same as energy motion of molecules |
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| hot |
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| molecules moving fast |
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| cold |
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| molecules moving slow |
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| exothermic reactions |
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| release energy |
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| endothermic reactions |
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| absorb energy |
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| metabolism |
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| all of the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism |
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| energy in = |
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| energy out + energy stored |
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| how to measure the energy we put into our bodies |
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| Calories |
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| 1 Cal = |
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| 1000 cal |
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| use energy in 3 ways |
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| exercise basal metabolism specific dynamic action |
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| exercise |
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| all the physical work we do with our bodies |
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| basal metabolism |
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| the work that goes on inside our bodies to keep us alive ~1 cal/hr x kg body |
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| specific dynamic action |
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| energy consumed in digesting and metabolizing food fat 4% carbs 6% protein 30% |
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| macronutrients |
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| what you need a lot of to live fats/oils-9 Cal/g proteins-4 Cal/g carbs-4 Cal/g |
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| fats and oils |
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| AKA triglycerides fats-solid oils-liquid |
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| saturated |
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| no double bonds |
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| monounsaturated |
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| one double bond |
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| polyunsaturated |
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| many double bonds |
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| example of saturated |
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| palmatic acid |
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| example of monounsaturated |
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| oleic acid |
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| example of polyunsaturated |
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| alpha linoleic acid |
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| naturally occurring faty acids |
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| contain only even numbers of carbon in their chains |
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| essential fatty acids |
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| need them in our diet omega-3, omega-6 |
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| saturation and melting temperature |
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| saturated=solid at room temp. higher melting point unsaturated=liquid at room tepm. lower melting point |
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| iodine number |
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| number of g of I2 that can be added to 100g of the triglyceride lower for more saturated fats/oils |
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| catalytic hydrogenation |
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| taking something unsaturated and making it saturated addition of H2 in presence of catalyst changes melting point, texture, improves shelf life not usually carried to completion problem-converts remaining double bonds to unnatural structure |
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| trans fats |
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| very rarely occur in nature comsumption increases risk of coronary heart disease decreases ratio of HDL:LDL your body can't break down transfiguration |
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| average US trans fat intake |
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| 2.6% |
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| product labeling |
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| as of 2006 required to show g of trans fat per serving 0g of trans fat means < .5g per serving |
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| cholesterol |
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| produced from saturated fat in your body insoluble in water so body wraps it in lipoproteins-HDL, LDL, VLDL for transport |
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| 2 sources of cholesterol |
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| family diet |
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| 3 types of carbohydrates |
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| monosaccharides disaccharides- sucrose, lactose polysaccharides-starch, cellulose |
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| 2 types of glucose |
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| beta glucose- forms cellulose alpha glucose- forms starch |
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| starch |
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| alpha linkage-gives off H2O, OH group points down monomers coming together to make polymer rings all lie in same plane found in plants as amylose and amylopectin we produce glycogen-animal starch we can digest this due to alpha linkages |
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| cellulose |
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| OH group points up condensation reaction-gives off H2O can't digest bc of beta linkages- need cellobiase cows, sheep, etc. can because of bacteria in their diet we still need it in our diet-fiber |
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| enzymes |
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| lock and key mechanism biological catalysts only certain substrates fit certain enzymes substrate bonds to enzyme which breaks it into 2 pieces |
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| lactose |
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| combination of beta galactose and glucose rings lie one above the other |
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| lactose intolerance |
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| defieciency of enzyme lactase usually gets worse with age lactose tolerance-recent thing amount of production controlled by genetics large amounts of disaccharide passed through intenstines is bad can take lactaid to help with digestion |
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| cellulosic ethanol |
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| most ethanol produced is currently made from corn corn ethanol may drive food prices up another source-cellulose more difficult to get sugar out can be accomplished using several expensive methods new plant in vonore to make cellulosic ethanol from corncobs and switchgrass |
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| amino acids |
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| monomers that form polypeptide polymers 20 naturally occurring amino acids |
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| proteins |
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| give off H2O peptide bond |
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| peptide bond |
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| amide bond between 2 amino acids |
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| primary structure |
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| sequence in which the amino acids are bound together in the peptide chain |
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| diversity of R groups |
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| hydrophobic hydrophyllic containing N containing COOH |
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| hydrogen bonds |
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| hydrogen on one amino acid is attracted to an O or an N on another amino acid makes chain bend and coil |
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| secondary structure |
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| confirmation in space of the amino acids in a peptide chain usually falls into 2 categories: alpha helix, beta sheet |
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| tertiary structure |
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| 3D folding pattern of protein interactions of alpha helix, beta sheet, random coil |
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| quaternary structure |
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| more than one individual protein strand is held together subunits fit together for a purpose hemoglobin-contains heme, prosthetic group |
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| 2 types of proteins/polypeptides |
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| globular-water soluble fibrous- not water soluble |
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| hemoglobin |
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| 574 amino acids globular complex protein in red blood cells transports oxygen from lungs to body |
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| insulin |
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| polypeptide globular molecular weight 5800 amu disulfide bonds (cystine) produced in pancreas insufficient production results in diabetes |
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| 3 types of diabetes |
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| type 1 type 2 gestation |
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| type 1 diabetes |
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| genetic pancreas stops producing insulin |
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| type 2 diabetes |
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| mostly older people related to obesity can be genetic |
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| gestation diabetes |
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| pregnant women body can't use insulin |
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| sickle cell anemia |
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| one amino acid is wrong on 2 chains found in people of west african descent those who have it don't get malaria totally distorts protein shape impairs hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen usually fatal if not treated |
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| keratin |
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| alpha keratin fibrous provides structure for specialized skin cells found in nails, hooves, horns-hard and brittle (many cystine bridges) found in hair and wool- soft and flexible (less cystine bridges) many alpha helixes |
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| beta keratin |
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| fibrous many beta sheets provides structure for specialized skin cells found in silk, spider webs, feathers strong but resists stretching also in scales, claws, and beaks of reptiles and birds |
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| collagen |
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| fibrous most important protein in our bodies (1/3 of our protein) found in skin, tendons, ligaments, bones, and cornea 3 polypeptide chains helically coiled around eachother extremely strong |
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| lipoproteins |
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| protein/lipid complex to carry hydrophobic substances through the blood HDL, LDL, VLDL |
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| sources of protein in our diet |
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| have to have it animal products may provide highest quality but there are still problems |
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| plastics and polymers |
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| very importatn in daily life all commercial plastics are polymers not all polymers are plastics |
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| plastic |
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| material capable o being shaped into virtually any form |
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| polymer |
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| molecule of high molecular weight formed through the repeated chemical linking of many smaller molecules (polymerization) |
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| elstomer |
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| one of first ploymers of interest to humans substance that stretches easily and returns back to its original shape |
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| addition polymer |
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| molecule adds to another molecule no mass lost as chain extends dominate commercial market eg rubber |
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| condensation polymer |
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| two molecules combine and lose a small simple molecule in the process( usually water, simple alcohol) eg bakelite, nylon, polyester |
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| homopolymer |
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| all of the monomers are identical eg -x-x-x-x-x-x-x- |
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| copolymer |
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| polymer chain composed of 2 or more different types of links eg -x-y-z-x-y-z-x-y-z- or -m-q-p-e-a-l-t |
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| resin identification codes |
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| used in plastic recycling |
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| polyester |
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| coplymer condensation polymer more properly called PET commercial leader among condensation polymers (food storage bags) |
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| polyethylene |
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| most important polymer in US first prepared in 1934 two types: low density and high density |
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| low density polyethylene |
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| LDPE short unbranched chains off the main branch low melting point, low density tangled mess flimsy trashbags |
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| high density polyethylene |
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| HDPE produced in early 1950s prepared with organometallic catalysts that control the way monomers lonk as they are polymerized containers holding liquid |
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| polypropylene |
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| homopolymer and addition polymer chains can be isotactic-all on same side, syndiotactic-alternating sides, atactic-random auto trim, carpet, harder plastics |
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| vinyl |
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| polymerization of vinyl chloride makes a tough plastic (PVC) |
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| PVC |
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| used to make construction materials can be brittle chemicals are added to soften the plastic(plasticizer) these can leach out over time |
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| polymers similar to PVC |
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| polyvinylacetate-safety glass, chewing gum polyacrylonitrile-clothing teflon |
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| polystyrene |
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| homopolymer and addition polymer polyolefin olefin-old word for alkene thermoplastic foams lightweight used to make cheap plastic stuff |
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| thermoplastic |
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| heated-softens cooled-hardens |
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| goodyear |
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| revolutionalized rubber industry natural rubber has some problems: high temp turns it sticky, no longer an elastomer serendipity: 1839 goodyear accidentally spilled a mix of rubber on a hot stove which resulted in a very elastic substance |
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| vulcanization |
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| vulcan- god of fire sulfur cross linked the poly-isoprene chains resulting in a much more useful material |
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| rubber replacements |
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| synthetic elastomers- styrene butadiene rubber(tire treads) neoprene (gaskets, auto parts, construction material) |
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| celluloid |
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| brittle polymer formed from nitrocellulose originally used as artificial ivory used to make photo film, ping pong balls, knife handles largely been replaced due to its flammability |
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| bakelie |
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| thermosetting polymer-not plastic after formed resistant to heat and electricity used in construction materials |
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| nylon |
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| invented in 1930s at dupont several different versions copolymer condensation polymer |
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| benefits of nylon |
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| can be drawn out into long, strong, silky fibers useful in textiles used in toothbrush bristles and stockings rationed for the war effort |
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| polycarbonate/bisphenol A |
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| found in applications that require high temp resistance and impact resistance (baby products) BPA mimics estrogen in the body currently being evaluated as carcinogen can harm reproductive organs research ongoing |
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| inorganic polymers |
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| not as common commercially-geologically important quartz asbestos-dangerous, causes lung cancer, doesn't burn |
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| in real life |
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| polymers you come in contact with are often copolymers or mixed with additives to give better properties to the material our economy and society is built around polymers important to polymer industry to keep cost of oil low |
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| cosmetics |
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| substance applied directly to the human body to make it more attractive |
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| soap |
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| hydrophobic-doesn't like water hydrophillic-likes water long chain of hydrocarbons )hydrophobic) connected to an ionic "headgroup"(hydrophillic) when put in water it will accumulate at surface to accomodate both ends |
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| surface tension |
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| why water forms droplets or beads |
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| how soaps work |
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| surface active agent- surfactant cleans by: decreasing surface tension of water |
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| soaps and detergents |
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| all soaps are detergents not all detergents are soaps |
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| common surfactants |
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| sodium lauryl sulfate ammonium lauryl sulfate triethanolammonium lauryl sulfate all detergents |
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| hair |
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| cortex-2 pigments: melanin and phaomelanin stratum corneum-outer layer of skin eccrine sweat gland-controls temp apocrine sweat gland-makes you stink, bacteria ferments fluid sebacceous gland-produces oil made mostly of proteins |
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| pH of hair |
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| at pH of 4-6 tight cuticle, reflects light coherently, hair shines at higher pH ruffled cuticle, scatters light, hair looks dull and flat |
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| typical shampoo |
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| water 60%, surfactnt 30%, acid 4%, conditioners 2%, fragrance 1%, formaldehyde .5%, other .5% |
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| hard vs soft water |
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| hard-contains salts of calcium, magnesium, and iron combine with fatty acid anions and make soap scum tis wastes soap and makes clothes look dull can be fixed with water softener(Na+) some commercial detergents have been developed that don't react in hard water |
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| hair color |
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| historically people used plant extracts and colored metals now we use complex organometallic compounds temporary-large molecules, easy to wash semipermanent-smaller molecules diffuse into cortex permanent-2 molecules combine in cortex to make a larger molecule that can't escape |
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| curing hair |
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| hair's shape depends on arranement of chemical bonds within keratin can have disulfide bonds(strongest), hydrogen bonds (weakest), or salt bridges to change shape-break bonds, form hair, reform bonds wet/dry style-wet hair, roll hair, dry hair perms-2 chemicals: thioglycolic acid-smelly, peroxide |
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| 2 pigments in hair cortex |
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| melanin-dark phaeomelanin-light hair color depends on ratio of 2 pigments |
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| brazilian blowout |
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| put keratin on hair then flat iron for 2-3 hours lasts 3 months can be dangerous |
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| teeth |
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| protected by thin layer of hydroxyapatitie plaque sticks to your teeth and harbors bacteria bacteria produce acid that erodes surface of teeth with daily removal of plaque, teeth can remineralize |
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| toothpaste |
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| you want something that scrapes away plaque, but not surface of teeth fluoride-replaces hydroxly groups with fluorine making fluoroapetite can cause fluorosis |
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| skin care products: lotions |
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| they are emulsions usually contain mineral oil, wax, and water locks in moisture |
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| perspiration |
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| way of controlling body's temp 2 types of sweat glands-eccrine, apocrine |
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| antipersperants |
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| contain alluminum that shrinks sweat glands reduce bacteria that causes odor |
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| deodorants |
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| mask odor and kill bacteria with antibiotics |
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| cosmetics that add color |
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| lipstick-contain special formulation of oils, waxes, hydrocarbons to give it texture only small % is color mascara-colors light tips of eyelashes to make them look longer guanine-same chemical as in bat poop but bat poop not in mascara |
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| perfume |
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| 4000 natural compounds 2000 synthetic compounds |
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| chemical value |
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| chemicals themselves are neither good or bad value lies in how we use them |
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| poison |
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| harmful sustance that can cause illness or death when it enters our bodies |
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| toxins |
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| poison with a biological origin |
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| examples of poisons |
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| water, salt, nutmeg, ethyl alcohol, aspirin, potatoes |
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| lethalness depends on |
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| chemistry of the substance-whait does in the body how much of it we are exposed to how we are exposed-food,skin,air how susceptible we are as humans how susceptible we are as individuals |
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| estimating lethal quantities |
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| give substance to lab rats/mice and see how many die due to differences and in order to get a statistical sampling-use large numbers ethical issues |
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| LD50 of a substance |
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| amount that kills exactly 1/2 of a large population of animals |
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| naturally occurring toxins |
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| clostridium botulinim solanine bufotoxin muscarine chloride strychnine tubocurarine chloride |
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| man made poisons |
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| dioxin nerve gases parathion sodium cyanide isoflurophate |
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| thalidomide |
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| prescribed to pregnant women in europe as sleeping pill passed several routine toxicological screenings was not approved produced thousands of birth defects two forms- one causes defects one is a sedative taken off market until recently inhibits TNF-alpha found to aid in leprosy, HIV/AIDS, |
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| safety |
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| acceptability of risk |
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| government safety related offices |
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| FDA |
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| moecules of the day: isolated from bark of south american tree has bitter taste ingredient in tonic water fluoresces under black light used to treat malaria |
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| quinine |
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| 200 times sweeter than sucrose not metabolized by body stable at high temp slightly bitter aftertaste aka ACE-K |
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| acesulfame potassium |
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| found in beer found in watermelon has insecticidal activity cockroach repellant activity old man smell |
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| 2-nonenal |
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| fluoropolymer discovered in 1938 by Dr Roy Plunkett revolutionized polymer industry most slippery material in existence registered trademark of dupont soil and stain repellant nonstick cookware coating |
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| poltetrafluoroethylene- PTFE aka teflon |
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| absorbed in small intestine and metabolized in liver increases risk for serious side effects including deep vein thrombosis one of the most commonly used medications found in most combination birth control pills and the patch |
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| ethinylestradiol |
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| can be produced from glycerol by bacterium acetobacter reacts with proteins in stratum corneum to produce a brown color |
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| dihydroxyacetone |
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| an essential amino acid some individuals are unable to metabolize this metabolic by-product of aspartame |
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| phenylalanine |
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| originally developed to treat hypertension and angina clinical trials showed that it had interesting side effects in males patented by pfizer in 1996 to treat ED as little blue pill has become popular drug worldwide |
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| sildenafil citrate aka viagra |
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| approved by FDA in 1950s expectorant thins mucous and lubricates airway often packages with antihistamines mucinex |
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| guaifenesin |
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| naturally occurring metabolite of vitamin a decreases secretions and size of sebaceous glands teratogenic accused of causing depression, psychosis, and suicide used to treat severe acne |
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| isoretinoin-accutane |
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| developed by US army in 1946 contained in 230 consumer products used as pesticide in products like off, repel etc aka DEET |
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| n-n-diethyl-m-tolumide |
