question

when the concentrations of ECF (extracellular fluid) are the same as the ICF (intracellular fluid)

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isotonic

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there is more water than solute in the environment

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hypotonic

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there is more solute than water in the environment

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hypertonic

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adenosine triphosphate

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ATP

question

4 compounds of life required by our cells in order to complete the functions of life

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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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loss of an electron: substance losing the electron is oxidized and called the reducing agent

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oxidation

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gain of an electron- substance gaining the electron is reduced or called the oxidizing agent

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reduction

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a reaction where a molecule of water is removed and small molecules are assembled into larger ones (requires energy)

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dehydration synthesis

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a reaction where a molecule of water is added, breaking macromolecules into micromolecules (produces energy)

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hydrolysis

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a specific arrangement of atoms that take part in a chemical reaction (the reactive part). Everything else is considered 'boring' and is called an R group.

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functional group

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have an OH group, general formula R-OH

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hydroxyl

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double bonded O to two or more other carbons

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ketones

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carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group

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carboxyl

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derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the OH of the carboxyl group is replaced by an OR from an alcohol (an O sandwiched between two carbons)

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esters

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organic compound with an amin- group (NH2)

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amino

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sulfur bonded to a hydrogen, R-SH

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sulfhydryl

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contains P, common to many biological compounds

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phosphate

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small, similar molecular units

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monomers

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longs chains of monomers; can be a straight chain or branched

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polymers

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an organic compound made up of sugar molecules; used as an energy source, can be stored within minutes for later use

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carbohydrates

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storage form in animals

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glycogen

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storage form in plants

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starch

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contain C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio; most molecules in nature have a ring shape

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sugars

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simple sugars containing just one sugar unit (e.g glucose, fructose, galactose, 3 isomers)

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monosaccharides

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using a dehydration synthesis reaction, cells put together 2 monosaccharides to form this (e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose)

answer

disaccharides

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long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers (e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose), held together by glycosidic bonds (alpha/beta)

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polysaccharides

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a building material in plants, protect cells; stiffens plant so it doesn't fall over, made up glucose monomers, multiple chains form H bonds

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cellulose

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non-polar, hydrophobic biological molecules

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lipids

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store energy, form cell membranes, make hormones, insulate and protect organs

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functions of lipids

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single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl functional group

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fatty acids

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tend to be more solid, obtained from animals (e.g. butter and lard), difficult to break down, linked with single bonds

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saturated triglycerides

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liquid at room temperature, derived from plants (e.g. olive oil), easier to break down, linked with double bonds

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unsaturated triglycerides

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lipids made of two molecules (fatty acid, glycerol)

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fats

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phosphate containing lipids; primary lipids of cell membranes. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

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phospholipids

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large lipids (consist of four carbon rings) functional groups attached to the rings distinguish one from another

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steroids

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steroid that is an important component of the plasma membrane; diet rich in it can lead to atherosclerosis

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cholesterol

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large lipid molecules made of long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings

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waxes

question

polymers that have many subunits a into three dimensional structures that determine its functions

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proteins

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the building blocks of proteins

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amino acids

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link amino acids together via dehydration synthesis, creating polypeptides

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peptide bonds

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linear sequence of amino acids, changing one amino acid will change protein's structure, therefore its function

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primary structure

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hydrogen bonding causes them to spiral/coil, form either beta pleated sheets or an alpha helix, gives protein strength

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secondary structure

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hydrophobic interactions causes protein to fold

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tertiary structure

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2 or more polypeptides come together forming complexed structures, create globular shapes

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quaternary structure

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(the breakdown of a polypeptide) can be caused by a change in temperature, change in pH, change in ionic concentration, exposure to chemical agents

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denaturation

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a protein that acts as a catalyst (speeds up the rate of the reaction without changing the products)

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enzyme

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decrease enzyme activity

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enzyme inhibitor

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similar to the enzyme substrate, enter the active site preventing the normal substrate from entering, therefore blocking normal binding

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competitive inhibitor

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attach to enzyme changing its shape therefore its function

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non-competitive inhibitor

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5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), nitrogenous base, phosphate group

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3 main parts of a nucleotide

question

double ring structure (adenine and guanine)

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purine

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single ring structure (thymine, uracil, cytosine)

answer

pyrimidine

question

chain of nucleotides, curves to form a double helix

answer

polynucleotide

SBI4U: Biochemistry – Flashcards

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