Rhetorical Strategies & Analysis Terms
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Cause and Effect
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The reason something happens and the result of it happening.
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Anaphora
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the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences -Dec. of Independence
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Analogy
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drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect
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Pathos
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emotional appeal in a work of literature -Uncle Tom`s Cabin
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Syntax
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the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
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Irony
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incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs Dramatic- difference between what the character thinks to be true and what we know to be true Romantic- huge build-up, followed by anti-climatic moment Situational- what audience expects doesn't happen Verbal- contrast between what is said and what is meant
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Compare and Contrast
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finding similarities and differences between 2 things
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Imagery
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The use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, thing, place, or experience -Imagist Poetry (The Red Wheelbarrow)
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Antithesis
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the direct opposite, a sharp contrast -Dec of Independence
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Diction
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the manner in which something is expressed in words -every work of literature
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Speaker
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electro-acoustic transducer that converts electrical signals into sounds loud enough to be heard at a distance HA JK someone who speaks -Frederick Douglas (Negro 4th of July)
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Juxtaposition
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placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast -black v. white imagery
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Purpose
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one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing -any work of writing
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Argument
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a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal -
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Symbolism
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A device in literature where an object represents an idea. -Catcher in the Rye (red hunting hat; lagoon)
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Satire
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form of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly -Juvenalian, Horatian -Irishman eating babies
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Anecdote
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short account of an incident (especially a biographical one) -used in argument essay
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Tone
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the quality of something (an act or a piece of writing) that reveals the attitudes and presuppositions of the author -brash, cynical
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Catharsis
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purification that brings emotional relief or renewal -The Sun Also Rises -TTTC-Norman Bowker
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Narrative
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consisting of or characterized by the telling of a story -Blue Hotel
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Parody
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a work which imitates another in a ridiculous manner -AP student wrote that one about Hemingway
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Voice
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The fluency, rhythm and liveliness in writing that makes it unique to the writer -Tim O'Brien
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Logos
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an appeal based on logic or reason -Dec. of Independence -Irishman who eats babies
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Conceit
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a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects -
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Inductive Reasoning
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reasoning from detailed facts to general principles. Ex. \"All of the ice we have examined so far is cold.Therefore, all ice is cold\"
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Ethos
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The appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator -Declaration of Independence
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Epiphany
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a moment of sudden revelation or insight -that an i killed an elephant story
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Ambiguity
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The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
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Audience
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one's listener; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed
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Concession
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take your opponents points and use it against them to prove your own
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Motif
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a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work
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Euphemism
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an inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive
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Metaphor
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a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance
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Aphorism
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a concise statement of a truth or principle -Truths are contradictory (TTTC)
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Allusion
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a reference to another work of literature, person, or event -biblical and/or mythical
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Parallel Structure
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the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures
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Parallelism
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presents coordinating ideas in a coordinating manner -cab scenes in The Sun Also Rises
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Deductive Reasoning
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reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case -The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.
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Enumeration
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listing items, or descriptive words in order -Death of a Moth
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Connotation
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refers to the implied or suggested meanings associated with a word beyond its dictionary definition
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Paradox
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a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. -TTTC life/death
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Frame Story
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a secondary story or stories embedded in the main story
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Understatement
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the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.
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Colloquialism
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a word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing - y'all; ain't
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Hyperbole
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extravagant exaggeration -I gained 400 pounds. -It rained 3 hard.
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Allegory
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story, play, or picture in which characters are used as symbols
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Rhetorical Question
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a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered
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Passive Voice
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the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb -The ball was thrown by the boy
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Archetype
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A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response -On the Rainy River old guy (TTTC)
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Telegraphic Sentence
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a sentence that expresses a straightforward, no-frills idea or action -usually shorter than 5 words
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Theme
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A universal statement about human nature
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Horatian
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Satire in which the voice is indulgent, tolerant, amused, and witty. The speaker holds up to gentle ridicule the absurdities and follies of human beings, aiming at producing in the reader a wry smile. -\"hahaha humans are so funny\" ----Mrs. Freeman
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Juvenalian
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bitter, mean; formal satire in which speaker attacks error with contempt; realisitc satire; very harsh -eating babies
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Synesthesia
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describing one kind of sensation in terms of another -\"a loud color\"; \"a sweet sound\" -Benjy in The Sound and the Fury
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Jargon
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specialized technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject -medical, forensic
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Red Herring
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any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue
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Slang
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a characteristic language of a particular group -bro; ya'll
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Complex Sentence
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a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
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Circular Reasoning
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Reasoning that ends and begins in the same place. No evidence is offered
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Post Hoc
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Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident
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Ad Hominem
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In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning \"against the man.\"
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Slippery Slope
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A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
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Sweeping Generalization
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makes an oversimplified statement about a group based on limited information -John is stupid, so all boys are stupid.
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Snyecdoche
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type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, a genus for the species, a material for the thing made, any portion or section or main quality for the whole thing itself ex)farmer jones had 3 head of cattle and 3 hired hands
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Syllogism
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a three-part deductive argument in which a conclusion is based on a major premise and a minor premise -\"All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.\"
