Retake – Flashcard

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America." — Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 The excerpt describes effects of the (A) Columbian Exchange (B) Great Awakening (C) Middle Passage (D) European Enlightenment

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America." — Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 American Indian societies most commonly reacted to the changes described in the excerpt by (A) embracing European religious and agricultural practices (B) adapting European material goods while attempting to preserve cultural autonomy (C) borrowing European political structures to organize their own societies (D) encouraging European colonists to accept American Indian cultural practices

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America." — Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 The process described in the excerpt most affected Europeans through (A) an increase in cooperation among European nations (B) a decline in religious activity and the secularization of Europe (C) significant population growth and economic development in many parts of Europe (D) widespread epidemics of American diseases that decreased European population

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America." — Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 Europeans most typically explained the process described in the excerpt in which of the following ways? (A) Denying that such changes had taken place (B) Interpreting it as evidence of a need to protect the rights of artisans and farmers (C) Viewing it as proof of the higher level of civilization among Europeans (D) Asserting that all people were equal and deserving of the same rights

"English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military. "Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." — Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607-18," published in 1971 In the first half of the 1600s, American Indians in Virginia and Maryland most typically responded to the English colonization described in the excerpt by (A) organizing communities to adopt English customs (B) defending their territory against the English (C) voluntarily moving farther west, away from the English (D) allying with the French to counter English encroachment

"English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military. "Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." — Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607-18," published in 1971 Which of the following was a long-term result of the situation in Jamestown described in the excerpt? (A) The rapid growth of family-centered towns and villages (B) The prioritizing of trade and shipbuilding over agricultural production (C) The rise of the plantation system and the use of African slaves (D) The removal of Spanish and French military threats to regional control

"English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military. "Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia]." — Edmund S. Morgan, historian, "The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607-18," published in 1971 Compared to New England, early English settlement in Virginia and Maryland was characterized by (A) lower life expectancy, a larger population of indentured servants, and a greater gender imbalance (B) lower life expectancy, many immigrants from Spanish colonies, and a diversified economy (C) higher life expectancy, government organized at the village level, and an established church (D) higher life expectancy, greater population diversity, and rapid urbanization

(Population of the Southern Colonies in British North America Graph) The trend in total population from 1670 to 1700 depicted on the graph is best explained by (A) food scarcity and extensive malnutrition among African Americans (B) the spread of epidemic diseases among Native Americans (C) large-scale European migration (D) increases in life expectancy

(Population of the Southern Colonies in British North America Graph) The population trend for African Americans depicted on the graph resulted most directly from which of the following? (A) A decline in the birth rate among enslaved people (B) The increased use of White indentured servants as a labor force (C) The outlawing of the international slave trade (D) The development of an economy based on growing crops for export

(Population of the Southern Colonies in British North America Graph) By 1790, the population trend depicted on the graph led to the (A) creation of new settlements on the western edge of territory occupied by European Americans (B) expansion of French influence in the Great Lakes region and in the Mississippi River valley (C) contraction of Spanish mission settlements in California and the Southwest (D) reduction of conflicts between Native Americans and European Americans

(Population of the Southern Colonies in British North America Graph) By the 1860s, the long-term effects of the population trends depicted on the graph most directly contributed to the (A) increased political tensions between the Northern and Southern states (B) relocation of the remaining American Indian groups to reservations in the Dakotas (C) faster population growth in the Southern states than in the Northern states (D) redistribution of land in the South to African Americans who cultivated it

"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy." — Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787 Hamilton's views expressed in the excerpt most directly supported which of the following? (A) The process of electing members of the House of Representatives (B) The method of counting slaves for representation and taxation (C) The establishment of the Supreme Court (D) The addition of the Bill of Rights

"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy." — Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787 Based on the excerpt, Hamilton would most likely support (A) the abolition of slavery (B) reconciliation with Great Britain (C) a weak central government (D) property qualifications for voting

"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy." — Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787 In the decade following the ratification of the Constitution, divisions emerged between Hamilton's political party, the Federalists, and their rivals, the Democratic-Republicans, over all of the following issues EXCEPT the (A) relationship between national and state governments (B) relationship between religion and the federal government (C) federal government's degree of support for manufacturing and finance (D) United States policy toward the French Revolution

"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." — William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 The excerpt was likely to have found the most support among which of the following groups? (A) Immigrants from Ireland (B) Members of Congress (C) Justices on the Supreme Court (D) Advocates for women's rights

"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." — William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 A person who agreed with Garrison's views expressed in the excerpt would most likely have advocated (A) paying slaveholders to gradually free enslaved people (B) encouraging free Black people to migrate to Africa (C) the preservation of the Missouri Compromise (D) immediate emancipation of enslaved people

"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." — William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 The type of views expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from which of the following trends? (A) Growing nativism (B) Opposition to industrialization (C) The Second Great Awakening (D) Support for the idea of Manifest Destiny

"On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD." — William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831 Opponents of Garrison's ideas expressed in the excerpt would most likely have argued that (A) slavery was a positive social institution and should not be changed (B) Garrison was too conservative in his vision of social change (C) new discoveries about racial equality had made Garrison's ideas obsolete (D) African Americans were already guaranteed basic rights

(Jackson political cartoon) All of the following groups would have been likely to agree with the image's depiction of Andrew Jackson EXCEPT (A) South Carolinians who opposed federal tariffs (B) American Indians such as Cherokees (C) western farmers who opposed the national bank (D) advocates of federally funded internal improvement projects

(Jackson political cartoon) The creator of the image would most likely agree with which of the following statements? (A) Jackson's natural leadership skills made him an ideal president. (B) Jackson's political actions were unconstitutional. (C) Jackson would have accepted internal improvements if Congress had consulted him. (D) Jackson was celebrated by the people because his foreign policies benefited the nation.

(Jackson political cartoon) Which of the following events could best be interpreted as reflecting the exercise of power depicted in the image? (A) The completion of the transcontinental railroad despite concerns about costs (B) American Indian removal despite the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia (C) The publication of the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which explained nullification (D) The formation of the Whig Party

"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to fight the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. Thus, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing." — David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 Which of the following most directly helped maintain the "balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States" before the Mexican-American War referenced in the excerpt? (A) The federal government's policies on a national bank and tariffs (B) The emergence of reform movements during the Second Great Awakening (C) The outlawing of the international slave trade (D) The passage of the Missouri Compromise

"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to fight the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. Thus, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing." — David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 Which of the following historical developments during the nineteenth century best supports Potter's argument about the underlying cause of sectional conflict? (A) The expansion of voting rights for White males (B) The increase in economic opportunities in the West (C) The influx of Irish and German immigrants to Northern cities (D) The increasing prominence of the Whig Party in national politics

"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to fight the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. Thus, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing." — David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 The "acquisition of a new empire" referenced in the excerpt most directly fostered sectional division through the (A) extension of trade westward toward Asia (B) renewed debate over the expansion of slavery (C) rise of anti-immigrant sentiment (D) decline of the Democratic Party

"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to fight the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. Thus, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing." — David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 Which of the following most directly contributed to the decision by the United States to fight the Mexican-American War? (A) The idea of Manifest Destiny (B) The over cultivation of land in the Southeast (C) The efforts of the federal government to assert authority over American Indians (D) The economic competition that emerged during the market revolution

"[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. They were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted." — Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, published in 1965 Which of the following provides the best evidence in support of the argument in the excerpt? (A) Political corruption in Southern state governments (B) The emergence of the sharecropping system during Reconstruction (C) Divisions within the women's movement over the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments (D) Changes in voting patterns and office holding that occurred during Reconstruction

"[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. They were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted." — Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, published in 1965 Which of the following later historical developments is most similar to the actions of the governments described in the excerpt? (A) The United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 (B) The passage of immigration legislation during the 1920s (C) The creation of New Deal job programs in the 1930s (D) The desegregation of the United States military in 1948

"[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. They were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted." — Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, published in 1965 Which of the following contributed most directly to the end of Reconstruction? (A) The political struggles to pass the Thirteenth Amendment (B) The waning commitment to reform in the North (C) The distribution of patronage jobs by Republican politicians (D) The growing influence of the federal government over the states