Research seminar 7 Experimental designs

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Pretests provide an alternative to a comparison group in quasi-experiments: is this statement about the value of pretests in experiments accurate or not accurate?
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Accurate
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A __________fares better in achieving generalizability than a true experiment.
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Quasi-experiment
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Time series design: Does this before-and-after design qualifies or does not qualify as a quasi-experimental design?
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Does Qualify
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When experimental group members change because they feel special simply for being in the experiment, they are experiencing the_________:
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Hawthorne effect
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The design components of a true experiment make it difficult to achieve:
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Sample generalizability
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When matching is used to assign subjects to an experimental and a comparison group, the resulting research design is _______________ by the possibility of additional differences between the groups
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Weakened
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One concern of experimental programs is when control groups believe they have received a treatment and act accordingly, which is known as the __________.
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placebo effect
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Both fixed-sample panel and repeated measures panel designs: Does this before-and-after design qualifies or does not qualify as a quasi-experimental design?
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Does Qualify
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____________ in experimental research removes the operation of systematic bias from the assignment process
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Randomization
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Nonequivalent control group and Ex-post facto control group designs are examples of:
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Comparison groups
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Pretests provide a direct measure of change over time: is this statement about the value of pretests in experiments accurate or not accurate?
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Accurate
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Selection bias, External events, Contamination, and Endogenous change are source of
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Internal invalidity
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Random assignment _________was present or not present in Colbert, Paternoster, and Bushway's (2002) experiment on the effects of legal counsel at detainees' bail hearings?
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Present
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_________ is when either the experimental group or the comparison group is aware of the other group and is influenced in the posttest as a result.
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Contamination
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Multiple group before-and-after design: Does this before-and-after design qualifies or does not qualify as a quasi-experimental design?
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Does Qualify
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The features of experimental designs that make them so useful for establishing causation:
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Reduce the sample generalizability of a study
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Random assignment, Control group, and Pretest and are required or not required for a true experiment.
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Required
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The __________ occurs when a subject or group of subjects changes their behavior due to the fact that they are being observed.
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Hawthorne effect
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Experiments often use volunteers as subjects and are conducted in carefully controlled settings. This is likely to have the consequence of:
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Increasing causal validity and decreasing generalizability
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Multiple pretest and post-test measures are valuable in before-and-after designs because they decrease the possibility of internal invalidity due to:
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External events
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A randomized field experiment is designed to test the usefulness of a new DNA test for solving crimes. Not using this new DNA test to solve crimes during the experiment may be ethically justifiable when:
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Citizens do not know about the new DNA test
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Repeated measures panel design: Does this before-and-after design qualifies or does not qualify as a quasi-experimental design?
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Does Qualify
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A randomly assigned comparison group can provide a good estimate of the __________.
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Counter factual
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The pretest must occur the same length of time before treatment as the posttest occurs after treatment: is this a requirement or not a requirement for the pretest in an experiment?
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Not a Requirement
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The key feature of a quasi-experimental design that distinguishes it from a nonexperimental design is a comparison group ____________ to the treatment group in critical ways.
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Comparable
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______________designs have a pretest and a posttest but no comparison group.
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Before-and-after
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The __________ design can overcome the interaction of testing and treatment to increase external validity.
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Solomon four-group
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In an experiment, the group of subjects that receives the treatment or experimental manipulation is the __________.
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experimental group
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Pretest _________was present or not present in Colbert, Paternoster, and Bushway's (2002) experiment on the effects of legal counsel at detainees' bail hearings?
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Not present
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Random assignment reduces the risk of selection bias but does not eliminate it. The risk remains because of __________________.
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chance/external attrition
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The pretest must be given only to the comparison group, not to the experimental group: is this a requirement or not a requirement for the pretest in an experiment?
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Not a Requirement
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Experimental and control groups _________was present or not present in Colbert, Paternoster, and Bushway's (2002) experiment on the effects of legal counsel at detainees' bail hearings?
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Present
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___________assignment eliminates systematic bias.
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Random
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The reason that ex-post facto control group design should be considered nonexperimental rather than quasi-experimental is that: People may __________ ___________ for participation in the treatment group
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Select themselves
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A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of a new prisoner rehabilitation program. All of the elements of an experiment are present except that the groups were not randomly assigned. This study is an example of a/an:
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Nonequivalent control group design
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Pretests permit verification of successful randomization: is this statement about the value of pretests in experiments accurate or not accurate?
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Accurate
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Even when random assignment works, groups can differ over time because of __________.
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Differential attrition
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When members of the treatment group change because their participation in the study makes them feel special is referred to as:
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A Hawthorne effect
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Post test _________was present or not present in Colbert, Paternoster, and Bushway's (2002) experiment on the effects of legal counsel at detainees' bail hearings?
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Present
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Pretests provide a picture of the conditions in which the intervention had an effect: is this statement about the value of pretests in experiments accurate or not accurate?
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Accurate
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Treatment _________was present or not present in Colbert, Paternoster, and Bushway's (2002) experiment on the effects of legal counsel at detainees' bail hearings?
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Present
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The pretest cannot refer to the treatment to be tested: is this a requirement or not a requirement for the pretest in an experiment?
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Not a Requirement
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A time series (repeated measures) design is a type of:
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Before-and-after
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__________ can cause groups to differ over time.
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Attrition
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The ________________ is the outcome that would have occurred if the subjects had not been exposed to the treatment, but had otherwise equal experiences.
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Counterfactual
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__________________ is the extent to which a treatment effect (or noneffect) is applicable across subgroups within an experiment and/or across different populations or times or settings.
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external validity
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In the __________________ design, the groups are not created by random assignment and are designated after the treatment or intervention has occurred.
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ex-post facto control group
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Since social programs are delivered by human beings, ___________ can be very difficult to control.
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Expectancy effects
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Causal validity is threatened by __________________ when variation in the treatment is associated with variation in the observed outcome, but the change occurs through a process that the research has not identified.
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treatment misidentification
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How do randomization and random sampling differ?
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In increasing causal validity or generalizability
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__________ surveys maximize generalizability.
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factorial
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Randomization in an experimental design allows for much stronger evidence of _____________ than is the case in nonexperimental designs.
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Nonspuriousness
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An experiment's ability to yield valid conclusions about _________is determined by the comparability of its experimental and comparison groups
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Causal effects
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Causal validity is also known as __________.
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internal validity
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If Matthew scores very low on the pretest but improves on the posttest, his change in scores may be due to a ____________ effect instead of a treatment effect.
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Regression
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Pretests provide a required baseline picture for identifying treatment outcomes: is this statement about the value of pretests in experiments accurate or not accurate?
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Not accurate
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The more carefully controlled the conditions are for the experimental and comparison groups, the less likely it becomes that ____________ will invalidate the causal conclusions of an experiment.
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External events
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In the process of conducting an experiment, a researcher administers a survey before the treatment is applied, in order to provide a baseline against which to judge the results. This survey is a:
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Pretest
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Testing, Maturation, and Regression are examples of _________ changes with specific threat to internal validity.
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Endogenous
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The best alternative to an experimental design is a __________ design.
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quasi-experimental
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Fixed-sample panel design: Does this before-and-after design qualifies or does not qualify as a quasi-experimental design?
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Does not qualify
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If the results from a study can be successfully applied to the population at large, the study has __________.
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generalizability
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Double-blind procedures are often used to hide the expectations of the experimenters in order to prevent a form of bias known as the __________.
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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The pretest must be the same as the posttest: is this a requirement or not a requirement for the pretest in an experiment?
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Requirement
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As a general rule, _______ experimental research design is best able to produce results with strong internal validity but weaker generalizability?
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True
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The threat of testing as a source of internal invalidity in experiments occurs when there is
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A pretest but not a comparison group
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Before-and-after designs are distinguished from other quasi-experimental designs by the absence of a:
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Traditional comparison group
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A researcher conducts an experiment in which she does not know which participants receive the treatment program and which receive the control program. This is an example of:
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A double-blind procedure
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A worthwhile, conservative strategy for minimizing the possibility of invalid causal conclusions due to differential attrition is basing the outcome analysis on:
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Comparing all subjects initially assigned to each condition
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The key feature of an experimental design that distinguishes it from a quasi-experimental design is the:
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Random assignment to two or more groups
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_________ ____________ is a potential source of internal invalidity when subjects develop during the experiment as part of an ongoing process independent of the treatment
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Endogenous change
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