Research Paper #54

\"The best way to stop companies from using animals is to refuse to purchase their products and to write and tell them why you won't be using their eye shadow, detergent, or shampoo.\" (np). GOOD 1

\"Instead of measuring how long it takes a chemical to burn the cornea of a rabbit's eye, manufacturers can now drop that chemical onto cornea-like 3D tissue structures produced from human cells\" (np). GOOD 2

\"Although they are not required by law, several tests are commonly performed by exposing mice, rats, rabbits and guinea pigs to cosmetics ingredients. This can include: At the end of a test the animals are killed, normally by asphyxiation, neck-breaking, or decapitation. Pain relief is not provided. In the United States, a large percentage of the animals used in such testing (such as laboratory-bred rats and mice) are not counted in official statistics and receive no protection under the Animal Welfare Act\" (np). GOOD 3

\"Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year\" (np). GOOD 4

\"Forced chemical exposure in toxicity testing, which can include oral force-feeding, forced inhalation, skin or injection into the abdomen, muscle, etc., Exposure to drugs, chemicals or infectious disease at levels that cause illness, pain and distress, or death, Genetic manipulation, e.g., addition or \"knocking out\" of one or more genes, Ear-notching and tail-clipping for identification, Short periods of physical restraint for observation or examination, Prolonged periods of physical restraint, Food and water deprivation, Surgical procedures followed by recovery, Infliction of wounds, burns and other injuries to study healing, Infliction of pain to study its physiology and treatment, Behavioural experiments designed to cause distress, e.g., electric shock or forced swimming, Other manipulations to create \"animal models\" of human diseases ranging from cancer to stroke to depression, Killing by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, neck-breaking, decapitation, or other means\" (np). GOOD 5

http://www.peta.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Companies-That-Do-Test-On-Animals-PETA-new.jpg (np). GOOD 6

http://www.all-creatures.org/wlalw/guineapig-01.jpg (np). GOOD 7

https://speakingofresearch.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/animal-research-and-testing-statistics-us-2014.jpg (np). GOOD 8

\"1 million animals used in experiments (excluding rats, mice, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and agricultural animals used in agricultural experiments), plus an estimated 100 million mice and rats\" (np). GOOD 9

https://speakingofresearch.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/types-of-animals-used-in-research-and-testing-2014.png (np). GOOD 10

Paraphrase: Of all the animals that are used for testing in the United States, 90% of them do not get counted in the statistics of the animals that are tested (np). WEAK 11

Paraphrase: Scientists are discovering new ways to test cosmetic products without using animals and making them more for humans such as testing it with human blood (np). GOOD 12

Paraphrase: animals have been used for testing since the time of Aristotle for various things (1). WEAK; BACKGROUND INFORMATION 13

\"The practice of using animals in biomedical research has led to significant advances in the treatment of various diseases\" (6). WEAK 14

\"Reduction: Reducing the number of animals used in experiments by: Improving experimental techniques, Improving techniques of data analysis, Sharing information with other researchers\" (np). GOOD 15

\"Refinement: Refining the experiment or the way the animals are cared for so as to reduce their suffering by: Using less invasive techniques, Better medical care, Better living conditions\" (np). GOOD 16

\"Replacement: Replacing experiments on animals with alternative techniques such as: Experimenting on cell cultures instead of whole animal, Using computer models, Studying human volunteers, Using epidemiological studies\" (np). GOOD 17

\"Earlier this year, Harvard Medical School announced it would shut down its primate research center by 2015\" (np). WEAK 18

\"Standard Aerobic plate count test (SPC)/ Aerobic bacterial count test (APC)/ Total aerobic Microbial count (TAMC) test determines the total number of aerobic bacteria per ml or gram of the personal care or cosmetic product. This test gives you total count of bacteria present and does not give you information about pathogenic or non pathogenic bacteria. It is a 48 to 72 hour test. This is a routine test, ordered on each lot manufactured of healthy, beauty, cosmetic, and personal care products\" (np). GOOD 19

\"This test determines the total number of yeast and fungi per ml or gram of the personal care or cosmetic product. It is carried out for five days\" (np). WEAK 20

\"Cosmetics are required to be safe when consumers use them according to directions in the labeling, or in the customary or expected way. Product testing is just one of the things a manufacturer might do to ensure the safety of a cosmetic product\" (np). WEAK 21

\"FDA does not have the legal authority to approve cosmetic products and ingredients (other than color additives) before they go on the market\" (np). GOOD 22

\"Manufacturers may also need to do toxicological testing to fill in any gaps in the information that's available. Toxicology or other testing methods may be necessary to determine the safety of each ingredient and the finished product. Animal testing is not a specific requirement for marketing a cosmetic; however, it's important for all testing to be scientifically sound\" (np). GOOD 23