pysch – Flashcard
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Describe the evolution of scientific psyschology from its early pioneers to contemporary concerns.
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Psychological science seeks to answer questions about how people ____,____, and ____ as they do
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think feel act
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The greek philosopher ______ developed early theories about ____,_____,______,____,____ and _____.
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Aristotle learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, personality
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The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm ____. His student, ____, introduced the school of ____,, which explored the basic eleemnts of mind using the method of ____. this method proved ____. (reliable/ unreliable)
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Wundt; Edward Tichener; structuralism, introspection, unreliable
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Under the influence of evolutionary theroerist Charles Darwin, psychologist _____ assumed that thinking developed because it was _____. he founded the school of ____, which focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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James; adaptive; functionalism
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The first female president of the American Psychological Association was ___. the first woman to receive her PHD in pscychology was ___.
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Mary Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn
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Describe the evolution of psychology as defined from the 1920's through today.
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The historical roots of psychology include the fields of ____ and____.
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biology and philosophy
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some early psychologists include Ivan Pavlov who pioneered the study of ____; the personality theorist____, and Jean Piaget, who studied ____.
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learning Sigmund Freud Children
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In the earliest years, pyschology was defined as the science of ____ life. from the 1920's into the 1960's psychology in America was redifined as the science of _____ behavior.
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Mental observable
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As a response to Freudian psychology and to _____, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers ____ and______ forged ___ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the ____ potential of ___ people.
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behaviorism Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Humanistic growth, healthy
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During the 1960's, psychology underwent a ____ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our ____ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called ____ ______.
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cognitive; mind; cognitive neuroscience
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The text author defines pyschology as the sciencetific study of _____ and _____ processes.
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behavior and mental
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In this definition, "behavior" refers to any action that we can ____ and ____, and "mental processes" refers to the internal, ____ ____ we _____ from behavior.
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observe; record subjective experiences infer
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As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of ____ _____.
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asking and answering questions
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Summarize the nature-nurture debate in psychology.
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worldwide, the number of psychologists is ____ (increasing/decreasing) thank to international publications and meetings, psychological science is also ______.
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increasing globalizing
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the nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of _____ and _____.
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biology and experience
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The greek philosopher who assumed that character and intelligence are inherited is ____. The greek philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from sensory experience is _____.
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Plato Aristotale
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in the 1600's the views of the greek philosopher were revived by _____, who believed that most knowledge comes in through the senses, and ____, who believed that some ideas are innate.
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Locke Descartes
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In 1859, naturalist _____ explained species variation by proposing the process of _____, which works through the principle of _____ ____.
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Charles Darwin evolution Natural Selection
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Although the debate continues, we will see that ___ works on what ____ endows and that every ____ event is simultaneously a ___ event.
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nurture, nature psychological, biological
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Identify the three main levels of analysis in the biopsychosocial approach, and explain why psychology's varied perspectives are complementary.
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Each person is complex ____ that is part of a larger ____ ____ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main ____ of _____ - biological, _____ and _____-______ - which together form an intergrated _____ approach to the study of behavior and mental processes.
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system social system levels analysis, psychological, social-cultural biopsychosocial
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Psychologists who study how the body and brain ebable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working from the _____ perspective.
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neuroscience
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Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the ____ perspective, where as those concerned with the relative influences of genes and environment on individual differences are working from the _____ _____ perspective
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evolutionary behavior genetics
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Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the _____ perspective.
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psychodynamic
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Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the ____ perspective.
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behavioral
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The ____ perspective explores how we encode,process, and store, and retrieve information.
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cognitive
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Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations are working from the ____ - ______perspective.
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social - cultural
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The differenct perspectives on the big issues ______ (contradict/compliment) one another.
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complement
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Explain the differences between clinical psychology and psychiatry.
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Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called ____ psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are
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counseling
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Psychologists who study, asses, and treat troubled people are called ____ psychologists.
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clinical
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Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called _____.
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psychiatrists
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Describe the principle of natural selection
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natural selction states that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survial will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
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In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the
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science of mental life
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who would be most likely to agree with the statement "psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?
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2 John B. Watson
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today psychology is defined as the
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science of behavior and mental process
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who introduced the early school of structuralism?
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Edward Titchener
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who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology
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William James
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Psychologiest who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the ____ perspective.
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behavior genetics
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Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?
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the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior
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The seventeenth century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes throu ghsensory experience is
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Locke
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which 17th century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate
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Descartes
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which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and the body in behavior?
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neuroscience
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A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the _____ perspective
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Social Cultural
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a psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychologys knowledge base is engaged in
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Basic research
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psychologists who study, assess and treat toubled people are called
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clinical psychologists
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Today Psychology is a discipline that
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connects with a diversity of other fields
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Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory, perception, and other thought processes are called
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cognitive neuroscientists
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how the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensations
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neuroscience perspective
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how people differ as products of different enviornments
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social cultural perspective
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the medical treatment of psychological disorders
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psychiatry
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the study, assesment, and treament of troubled people
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clinical psychology
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how much genes and encironment contribute to individual differences
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behavior genetics perspective
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the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed
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behavioral perspective
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behavior in the work place
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industrial/ organizational psychology
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how we encode, process, store and retrieve information
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cognitive perspective
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adds to psychologys knowledge base
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basic research
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the study of practical problems
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applied research
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how natural selection favors traits that promote the perpetuation of ones genes
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evolutionary perspective
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the disguised effects of unfulfulled wishes and childhood traumas
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psychodynamic perspective
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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the contents of the mind
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structuralism
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an early school of psychology that focused on the adaptive value of thought and behaviors
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functionalism
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the view that psychology should be an objective science that avoids refrence to mental processes
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behaviorism
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brain activity linked with perception, thinking, memory, and language
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cognitive neuroscience
