question

Public Speaking

answer

The process of presenting a message to an audience.

question

Empowerment

answer

Having resources, information, and attitudes that lead to action to achieve a desired goal.

question

Source

answer

The public speaker.

question

Encode

answer

To translate ideas and images into nonverbal symbols.

question

Code

answer

A verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image.

question

Message

answer

The content of a speech and the mode of it's delivery

question

Decode

answer

To translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into images or ideas.

question

Channel

answer

The visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver.

question

Receiver

answer

A listener or audience member.

question

External Noise

answer

Physical sounds that interfere with communication.

question

Internal noise

answer

Physiological or physical interference with communication.

question

Feedback

answer

Verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker.

question

Context

answer

The environment or situation in which a speech occurs.

question

Rhetoric

answer

The use or words and symbols to achieve a goal.

question

Declamation

answer

Delivery of already famous speech

question

Elocution

answer

Expression of emotion through posture,gesture, facial expression, and voice.

question

Average style

answer

Positive approach, heart rate average, rate own speaking performance highest

question

Insensitive style

answer

previous experience, lower heart rate, rate performance as moderately successful

question

Inflexible style

answer

highest heart rate, some use fear to advantage, others creates tension

question

Confrontational style

answer

High heart rate at beginning, tapers off, occurs in people with strong emotional response to speaking, more experienced speakers

question

How to Build confidence

answer

Know audience Don't procrastinate Select appropriate topic Prepare Be Organized Know intro/concl Make practice real Breathe Channel nervous energy Visualize success Mental pep talk Focus on message, Look for positive support Seek P.S. opportunities Focus on accomplishments

question

Ethics

answer

Beliefs, morals, values, determine wrong/right

question

Free seech

answer

legally protected speech or speech acts

question

1st amendment

answer

guarantees free speech

question

speech act

answer

behavior seen as communication;is protected by free speech

question

ethical speech

answer

speech responsible, honest, tolerant

question

accommodation

answer

sensitivity to feelings, needs, interest of other people

question

credibility

answer

audience perception of speaker as competent, dynamic, trustworthy

question

Steps of listening

answer

1. Select-single out message 2. attend- focus on info 3. understand- assign meaning 4.remember- recall ideas and info 5. respond- react with change in behavior to speakers message

question

Listener barriers

answer

1. Info overload/ Listener: concentrate harder on message, identify most imp. parts/ Speaker: Clear message, interesting supporting material, redundancy 2. Personal concerns/ Listener:message rather than self talk/ speaker: Attention wake-up messages 3. Outside distractions:/ Listener: assertively attempt control listening environment/ speaker monitor phys arrangements eg closing blinds 4. prejudice/ listener: focus on message, not messenger/ speaker: strong opening statements 5. Dif. btwn speech rate and heart rate/ listener: mentally sumarrize speaker's message/ peaker: build in redudancy, maintain attention 6. Receiver apprehension/ listener: audio record, good notes/ speaker: clear preview statement, internal summaries, presentation aids

question

4 Listeners

answer

1. People-oriented: like listening to people express emotions, empathetic, moved by poginant illlustrations. 2.Action-oriented; brief, get to point, actions need be taken, more skeptical 3. Content- complex info w/ facts 4.Time- succinct, to point

question

Become active listener

answer

1. Re-sort 2. Rephrase 3.Repeat

question

critical listening

answer

evaluating quality of info and ideas of speaker

question

logic

answer

formal system of rules to reach connclusion

question

reasoning

answer

process of drawing conclusion from evidence

question

Give feedback

answer

1. Be descriptive 2. be specific 3 be positive 4. be constructive 5. be sensitive 6. be realistic

question

evidence

answer

facts, examples, opinions speaker uses t support conclusion types: examples, opinions, statistic, facts

question

demographics

answer

statistical info about age, gender, race, etc.

question

adapt to audience

answer

1. consider audience 2. consider speech goal 3. consider speech content 4. consider delivery

question

Analyze audience

answer

BEFORE: demographic eg. age, gender, culture , socioeconomic status common values

question

ethnicity

answer

portion of person's cultural background including, nationality, religion, language, heritage

question

individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures

answer

individualistic: emphasize individual achievement e.g. US, Canada, Denmark collectivistic: emphasize group achievement eg. Japan Adapt listeners from indiv. to collect: don't single person out for individual achievements, others perceived in positive way

question

high-context vs. low context

answer

High context: importance of unspoken messages; importance of tone, expression, movement, etc. eg Arab culture, Japan, Asa, S. Europe Low context: emphasis on words themselves e.g. US, Germany Adapt listeners:low context listeners more detailed info high context listeners expect less dramatic and dynamic delivery style

question

tolerance of uncertainty vs. need for certainty

answer

tolerance of uncertainty: accept ambiguity; don't need all the details eg Indonesia, Great Britain need of certainty: wants specifics, dislikes ambiguity eg. Russia, France Adapt: listeners tolerant of uncertainty don't need prupose of message spelled out for them need for certainty listeners; create logical pattern

question

high power vs. low power

answer

high power; power differences emphasized; chain of command clearly defined eg France, Phillipines low power: status & differences less emphasized eg. Denmark, Norway adapt: high power: develop messages that acknowledge power differences low p: discuss solutions that involve others reaching a consensus

question

long-term orientation vs. short-term

answer

long-term: time abundant, accomplishing goals takes time eg South America short-term: time is impotant resources ed Western culture adapt: long-term: appeal to delayed gratification, listener's persistence short term: note how actions have direct impact on achieving results

question

target audience

answer

specific segment of audience you most want to influence

question

Psychological audience analysis

answer

examines attitudes, beliefes, etc and other psychological info of audience to develop clear and effective message

question

Situational audience analysis

answer

examines time and place of speech and speaking occasion

question

Adapting to Audience during speech

answer

1. Identify nonverbal cues 2. Respond to nonverbal cues 3 strategies for customizing message: use audience member's names appropriately, refer to town, community, refer to significant event on day of speech, refer to recent news, refer to organization or group, relate info directly toward listeners

question

Analyzing after speech

answer

1. nonverbal responses 2. verbal responses 3. survey responses 4. behavioral responses

question

Select topic

answer

consider: audience, occasion, yourself Brainstorm, listen/ read for topic ideas, use web directories

question

General purpose

answer

either to inform, persuade, or entertain

question

Specific purpose

answer

"At the end of the speech my audience will be able to...

question

behavioral objective

answer

wording of specific purpose in terms of desired audience behavior

question

Develop Central Idea

answer

Should be complete declarative sentence, single idea, direct language, audience centered idea

question

Main ideas

answer

find logical divisions, establish reasons, trace specific step

question

blueprint

answer

central idea of speech plus preview of main points

question

Sources of supporting material

answer

personal knowledge and experience, internet, online databases, library holdings, interviews

question

6 criteria for evaluating internet resources

answer

1. accountability 2. accuracy 3. objectivity 4. timeliness (is site current) 5. usability 6. diversity (is site inclusive?)

question

library resources

answer

card catalogs, periodical indexes, books, periodicals, reference resources

question

interviews

answer

Prepare: determine your purpose, schedule interview, plan conducting: dress appropriately, arrive early, use questions you prepared followup: read notes carefully

question

types of supporting material

answer

illustrations, descriptions and explanations, definitions, analogies, statistics, opinions,

question

brief illustration

answer

unelaborated example usually 2 sentences long

question

operational definition

answer

statement that shows how something works

question

literal analogy

answer

comparison btwn 2 similar things

question

Topical organization

answer

organization of natural divisions in central ideas by recency, primacy, or complexity

question

primacy

answer

most important point is discussed fist in speech

question

recency

answer

most important point last

question

organizational patterns

answer

topically, chronologically, spatially, problem-solution, cause/effect

question

soft/hard evidence

answer

soft: supporting material based on opinion, inference, hypothetical, etc. hard: factual examples and stats

question

signpost

answer

signal that speaker is moving from one idea to next

question

internal preview

answer

statement that introduces/ outlines ideas that will be developed as speech progresses

question

5 purposes of introductions

answer

1. get audience attention 2. give reason to listen 3. introduce subject 4. establish credibility 5. preview main ideas

question

10 effective characteristics

answer

illustrations, startling facts.quotes, humor, questions, historical references, current events, personal references, references to occasion, references to previous speeches

question

purposes of conclusions

answer

summarize speech, provide closure

question

effective conclusions

answer

refer to introduction, inspirational appeals an dchallenges

question

mapping

answer

geometric shapes to sketch how main ideas, subpoints, etc. relate

question

standard outline form

answer

numbered and letters headings and subheadings

question

delivery outline

answer

condensed and abbreviated outline from which speaking notes are developed

question

Types of informative speeches

answer

objects, procedures, people, events, ideas

question

how to clarify unfamiliar ides or complex processes

answer

use analogies, use vivid description, use word picture

question

different learners

answer

auditory, visual print, visual, kinesthetic

question

keep audience interested

answer

motivate audience to listen to you, tell story, present relevant info, use unexpected

question

how to help audience remember speech

answer

use redundancy, use short key ideas, pace info flow, reinforce key ideas

Public Speech: an Audience Centered Approach Vocab – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards