public speaking study guide test 1 – Flashcards
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The first step of audience analysis is to: examine the __________
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time and place of your speech
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The basic concepts organizing one's orientation to life are known as
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values
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Which of the following is NOT useful for analyzing your audience after you speak? _______ responses
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attitude
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behavior is NOT a _________
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demographic trait
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Dividing an audience into various subgroups is known as
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audience segmentation
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Determining an audience's values, beliefs, attitudes and desires is part of which type of audience analysis?
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psychographic
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A statement that people accept as true is a(n)
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belief
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Which of the following is a demographic characteristic of an audience?
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age range
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Speakers do not usually need to analyze the _______________ of their audiences.
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trustworthiness
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Audience expectations for your speech will most likely be shaped by which variable of the communication situation?
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occasion
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The size of the audience will contribute to the audience's _______________, but the _________ will have the most influence.
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expectations, occasion
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The age and gender of an audience is what type of information?
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demographic
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A group of people who are compelled to assemble and listen to a speaker are known as
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a captive audience
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When your audience analysis focuses on the perceptual processes of the audience, including their tendencies toward selective exposure and selective attention, you are assessing audience
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psychology
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You pick the topic, "What to Do on a Friday Night When You Can't Drink," because your demographic analysis found that a large segment of the college audience was under the age of 21. You feel that your topic will be useful to the over-21 listeners, as well. However, your principal focus will be on the under-21 crowd. Your strategy is called
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audience targeting
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statements of approval or disapproval.
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attitudes
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Attitudes are statements of:
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approval or disapproval
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Speakers should keep in mind that most audiences are
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heterogenous
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When addressing a heterogeneous, or diverse, audience, a speaker should
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use a wider variety of supporting material
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The two categories of audiences, in terms of reasons for attending a speech, are
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voluntary and captive
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For a speech on starting your own e-commerce business on the Internet, which demographic trait in your audience would be most beneficial for you to know?
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educational background
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What is the primary value of personal knowledge? It adds:
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credibility and authenticity to presentations
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What is the best reason for doing library research? The library is your richest source for:
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conducting responsible research
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"What information do I need?" and "How can I obtain this information?" are questions you should ask and answer when
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developing a research plan
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What characteristic of evidence becomes especially important when your main ideas are controversial or disputed?
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credibility
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What is the advantage of using database indexes over browsing the Internet on your own? Information from databases has been:
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checked by the source that published it
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Which of the following is not an advantage of interviewing as a way of conducting research? Personal interviews are:
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easy to conduct
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"Yellowstone Park! Where else in this country can you spend the day atop the world's largest volcano, observing every major North American big-game species in its natural habitat while soaking in a natural hot springs and fishing at the same time? Or where else can you catch a Yellowstone cutthroat and cook it alongside the same stream without leaving the comfort of your natural spa?" This statement best illustrates what type of support?
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actual example
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In a speech supporting taxpayer funding of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), U.S. Representative Claudine Schneider argued, "In the 25-year history of the NEA, fewer than 25 grants out of some 85,000 have even caused a stir. That is less than one-quarter of one-tenth of 1 percent." Rep. Schneider is relying on what kind of supporting material?
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statistics
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What is the most important form of information to provide when presenting an audience with a new or unfamiliar concept?
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definition
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Which sources of testimony are qualified by training and experience?
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expert
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Carl is researching his speech. He knows that there are some excellent journal articles on his subject, but his university's small library doesn't carry the journals in which the articles appear. Carl has only a few days until he must give the speech; what should he do? Carl should use a _____________, like Academic Search Premier, to attempt to locate ___________ of the journal articles.
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full-text database, complete texts
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Once you have arranged an interview with an authority on your speech topic, what is your next task? Plan for the interview by _____________ and ________________.
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conducting research, planning specific questions
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Tracie is gathering sources of support for her persuasive speech on animal testing for medical purposes. She makes use of Web sources and has a great deal of relevant material. However, when outlining the speech, she can't find the source of many of the facts and statistics she plans to use. What is Tracie's problem? Tracie needed a _____________ with all the necessary materials to locate the sources.
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preliminary bibliography
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Fernando's speech statement, "Hamas is an Arabic acronym for the Islamic Resistance Movement, a Palestinian Islamic fundamentalist organization established in 1987. It is an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood which has carried out numerous terrorist attacks on Israelis," is a form of supporting material known as a
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definition
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A speaker using visual aids is relying on the ____________ channel of communication to assist in the message.
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visual
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When explaining the progress of molecular discoveries, Sarah began by discussing Mendel's 1866 studies about inheritance of biological traits in peas, ending with recent information about the human genome project. Which pattern of organization would best suit her speech?
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chronological
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One way public speaking and conversation are similar is that both are
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audience-centered
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When a person decides not to overestimate or falsify an insurance claim just to have the extra money, this action is based on the individual's
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code of ethics
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Ralph found an excellent source for his speech on organic gardening. He brought the author's scientific evidence on earthworms and ladybugs into his speech outline. Is this ethical? Yes, this is ethical as long as Ralph:
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cites his sources orally within the speech
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The portion of a person's background that relates to a national or religious heritage is known as
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ethnicity
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In a speech about the importance of establishing a daily exercise routine, Bart sums up his goal for the speech in the following statement: "At the end of my speech, the audience will initiate a daily exercise routine." You recognize this statement as a
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specific purpose statement
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For her informative speech, Cynthia wanted to tell her audience what they need to consider when purchasing a new computer. Which organizational pattern lends itself best to this topic?
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topical
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Types of supporting material: (5)
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1. illustrations 2. anecdotes/short stories 3. brief (simplified example) 4. Extended (in-depth example) 5. Hypothetical (potential example)
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the ________ decodes a message
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receiver
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two types of definitions
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classification and operational
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An explanation of how something works, or what it does. More original than a dictionary definition
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operational definition
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Constructed by first placing a term in a general class to which it belongs, and then differentiating it from other members of that class
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classification
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comparing two things that are similar
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literal analogy
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comparing two dissimilar things that share some common feature that forms the basis of comparison
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figurative analogy
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statements of recognized authorities
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expert testimony
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statements of non-experts with firsthand knowledge
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lay testimony
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opinions or descriptions by writers speaking in a memorable or poetic way
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literary quotations
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expert testimony is more _____. Lay testimony is more _______. literary quotations have more ______.
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credible, emotional, impact
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Be sure an opinion used in your speech is ___________ of prevailing opinion
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representative
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saving the most memorable point for last
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recency
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when your first point is most convincing
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primacy
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when you go from simple to complex points in your speech
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complexity
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when you go from general to specific points in your speech
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specificity
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When each idea has a specific location or direction
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spatial organization
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pause, change in pitch, walk to another location, etc.
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nonverbal transition
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"first, next, therefore, etc."
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verbal transition
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review all points
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final summaries
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review portions inside the body
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internal summaries
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Write your preparation outline in:
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complete sentences
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Preparation outline should include: (3)
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- main idea - subpoints - supporting material (other things are just optional)
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Oral style is ________ than written style
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less formal
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the literal meaning of a word
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denotation
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placing a key word or phrase at the end of the sentence instead of at the beginning; "Things go better with Coke." this is called using:
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suspension
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this is called using _______: "Been there __ done that."
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omission
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using identical grammatical patterns for two or more phrases or sentences; "I don't want to live on in my work, I want to live on in my apartment."
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parallelism
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example of ________ is: "it was the best of times, it was the worst of times."
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antithesis
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encodes message
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source
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how message is transmitted
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channel
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what is said and how it is said
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message
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The process of choosing symbols to carry the message you send is called
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encoding
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The speaker is the sender of the message, also known as the _______ or ________.
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source, encoder
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A conversation and a public speech usually have all of the following in common EXCEPT: a concern for __________ such as how to:
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delivery factors, stand or gesture
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Sophia is trying to give a speech but there is a loud movie being played in the next room, and her audience is having trouble hearing her. Which type of noise is she encountering?
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physical
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rolling your eyes when you hear a racial slur is an example of:
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feedback
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Distractions originating in the thoughts of listeners are which type of noise?
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psychological
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The occasion and audience expectations are elements that contribute to the ________ of public speaking transactions.
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psychological context
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A form of communication which has much in common with modern public speaking is
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lecturing
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One of the ways that public speaking and conversation are different is that public speaking is
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more formal
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When an audience member translates the speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages into information and ideas, this process is known as
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decoding
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In a speech about the rules of cricket, the speaker uses jargon that you don't understand. With which part of the communication process are you experiencing problems?
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decoding
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Colin had researched, outlined, and practiced his speech carefully, but on the day he was to give the speech, his girlfriend broke up with him. He found it impossible to keep his mind on his speech or his audience and continually lost his place. What public speaking term best describes this situation?
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psychological noise
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Alice knew that her speech was good. It was an interesting recounting of a classical music performance that her fellow orchestra members had enjoyed. But when delivering the same speech to her public speaking class, she noticed that the audience seemed bored and inattentive. What is the problem? A speech must be:
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adapted to your specific audience
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The three types of general speech purposes are
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to entertain, to inform, and to persuade
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What is the general purpose of a speech that is designed to teach, define, illustrate, clarify, or elaborate on a topic?
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to inform
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The three major divisions of a speech are
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the introduction, the body, and the conclusion
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Why is it necessary to create a complete outline of your speech?
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to ensure logical divisions, reasons, or steps
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In her speech about poor voter turnout, Mollie challenges her audience to register and to actually go out and vote at the next election. The purpose of her speech was to
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persuade
