Public Speaking Chapter 11 Test Answers – Flashcards

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Sign vs. symbol
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A sign- stands for or represents something specific. It depicts a symptom of the thing it represents. Eg- a graphic depiction of clouds partially covering the sun on a weather map is a sign that the predicted weather will be partly cloudy. Symbol- a collection of sounds and letter that stand for a concept.
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Denotation vs. connotation
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Denotation refers to the objective, dictionary-based meaning of a word. Connotation refers to the emotional response or personal thoughts connected to the meaning of a word.
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Analogy, connotation, metaphor, simile
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Analogies are extended similes and metaphors used to simplify and explain some more complicated state of affairs. Similes make a direct comparison between two things or ideas, but use words such as "like" or "as". A metaphor makes a comparison between two things or ideas without using connective words such as "like" and "as". Common sources for metaphors: Up and down The sea National phenomena
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The rule of three
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The rule of three acknowledges that audience members often expect and anticipate that speakers will have three points. Examples: "Government of the people, by the people, and for the people." Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony."
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Concrete vs. abstract words
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An abstract word refers to an idea or concept that cannot be observed or touched. eg- love, success, freedom A concrete word refers to a specific thing that can be represented by our senses. eg- spoon, table, pencil
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CORE Styles of presentation speaking
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Clear style- Uses short, simple, and direct words as well as active verbs, concrete words, and plain language. Oral style- Resembles the way we talk in most everyday conversations. Uses personal pronouns, simpler words, shorter sentences, and conversational language. Rhetorical style- Uses language designed to influence, persuade, and/or to inspire by using vivid and powerful words. Language intensity refers to the degree to which your language deviates from bland, neutral terms. Vivid language elicits strong visual images in the minds of listeners. Powerful language express your confidence, whereas powerless words convey uncertainty and a lack of confidence. i.e. Hesitations, fillers, tag questions, disclaimers, etc. Eloquent style- Uses poetic and expressive language as a way to make a speaker's thoughts and feelings clear, inspiring, and memorable. Often use all four of the CORE speaking styles to achieve their purpose.
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Using stylistic devices effectively
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Stylistic devices include a variety of language-based strategies that can help speakers achieve their purpose. Also called figure of speech, rhetorical devices, and language tropes. Best practices for effective stylistic devices: Repetition Metaphors The rule of three
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Adapting to the audience (cultural and gender biases)
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Best practices for adapting language to audience diversity: Avoid gender bias in your language Avoid cultural bias in your language Avoid exclusionary language Avoid gender bias- Use plural forms. Avoid using a pronoun at all. Use gender-neutral terms to describe jobs or professions. Avoid cultural bias in your language- Speak slowly and clearly. Put complete statements and full sentences on visual aids or handouts. Use formal speaking styles. Avoid U.S clichés.
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Exclusionary language
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Avoid exclusionary language- Exclusionary language uses words that reinforce stereotypes, belittle other people, or exclude others from understanding an in-group's message. Avoid mentioning anything about age, health and abilities, sexual orientation, and race and ethnicity.
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Active vs. passive voice
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Active voice- the subject is doing the action. A straightforward example is the sentence "Steve loves Amy." Steve is the subject, and he is doing the action: he loves Amy, the object of the sentence. Passive voice- the target of the action gets promoted to the subject position. Instead of saying, "Steve loves Amy," I would say, "Amy is loved by Steve."
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