Public Speaking Chapter 11 Test Answers – Flashcards

An abstract word refers to an idea or concept that cannot be observed or touched. eg- love, success, freedom A concrete word refers to a specific thing that can be represented by our senses. eg- spoon, table, pencil

Clear style- Uses short, simple, and direct words as well as active verbs, concrete words, and plain language. Oral style- Resembles the way we talk in most everyday conversations. Uses personal pronouns, simpler words, shorter sentences, and conversational language. Rhetorical style- Uses language designed to influence, persuade, and/or to inspire by using vivid and powerful words. Language intensity refers to the degree to which your language deviates from bland, neutral terms. Vivid language elicits strong visual images in the minds of listeners. Powerful language express your confidence, whereas powerless words convey uncertainty and a lack of confidence. i.e. Hesitations, fillers, tag questions, disclaimers, etc. Eloquent style- Uses poetic and expressive language as a way to make a speaker's thoughts and feelings clear, inspiring, and memorable. Often use all four of the CORE speaking styles to achieve their purpose.

Stylistic devices include a variety of language-based strategies that can help speakers achieve their purpose. Also called figure of speech, rhetorical devices, and language tropes. Best practices for effective stylistic devices: Repetition Metaphors The rule of three

Best practices for adapting language to audience diversity: Avoid gender bias in your language Avoid cultural bias in your language Avoid exclusionary language Avoid gender bias- Use plural forms. Avoid using a pronoun at all. Use gender-neutral terms to describe jobs or professions. Avoid cultural bias in your language- Speak slowly and clearly. Put complete statements and full sentences on visual aids or handouts. Use formal speaking styles. Avoid U.S clichés.

Avoid exclusionary language- Exclusionary language uses words that reinforce stereotypes, belittle other people, or exclude others from understanding an in-group's message. Avoid mentioning anything about age, health and abilities, sexual orientation, and race and ethnicity.

Active voice- the subject is doing the action. A straightforward example is the sentence "Steve loves Amy." Steve is the subject, and he is doing the action: he loves Amy, the object of the sentence. Passive voice- the target of the action gets promoted to the subject position. Instead of saying, "Steve loves Amy," I would say, "Amy is loved by Steve."