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Rhetoric

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The practice of giving speeches

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Oratory

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Also known as rhetoric

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Agora

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Meeting in a public square, to speak on public policy

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Forum

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Speaking in a public space

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Canons of Rhetoric

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Invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery

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Public Forum

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A public place voice your concerns for your community

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dyadic communication

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A conversation between two people

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Small group communication

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A small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another

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Mass communication

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Occurs between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people who are usually not present with the speaker, or who are part of such an immense crowds that there can be little or no interaction between speaker and listener

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Public speaking

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A speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech

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Source

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The person who creates a message

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Encoding

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Creating organizing and producing the message

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receiver

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Recipeient of the message

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Decoding

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Process of interpreting the message

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Feedback

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The audience response to the message, can be conveyed verbally or nonverbally

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Message

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the Content of the communication process; thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions, expressed verbally and nonverbally

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Channel

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The medium through which the speaker sends a message

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Noise

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Any interference with the message

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Shared meaning

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The mutual understanding of a message between the speaker and audience

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Context

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includes anything that influences the speaker, the audience, the occasion—and thus, ultimately, the speech

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Rhetorical situation

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A circumstance calling for a public response

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Audience centered approach

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That is, that you keep needs, values, attitudes, and want of your listeners firmly in focus

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List 5 benefits of public speaking. You may use bullet points for your answer and do not need to use complete sentences.

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Confidence of speaking Connecting with an audience/ person Receiving feedback so your next speech is better More knowledgeable of that subject Able to communicate your concerns for you community

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What are the similarities between public speaking, small group, and dyadic communication? You may use bullet points for your answer and do not need to use complete sentences.

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People are actually present You most likely are speaking with one another You receive feedback

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What are the differences between public speaking and mass communication?

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During public speaking there is a physical audience sitting/ standing in the room/or space you are speaking in. During mass communication there is an audience, a much, much larger audience, but they are not physically in the room/area you are speaking, this is done most commonly through camera (news, presidential speech)

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Public speaking Anxiety

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fear or anxiety associated with either actual or anticipated communication to an audience as a speaker

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Pre-pepatartion anxiety

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At this early stage can have several negative consequences for speakers, from feeling reluctant to begin planning for speech to becoming so preoccupied with anxiety that they miss vital information necessary to fulfil the speech assignment

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Pre-perfomance anxiety

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strong enough, and is interpreted negatively, they may even decide to stop rehearsing

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Performance anxiety

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In speechmaking is probably most pronounced when we utter the first words of the speech and are most aware of the audience's attention. Audiences we perceive as negative usually cause us to feel more anxious than those we sense are positive or neutral. 5 However, experienced speakers agree that if they control their nervousness during the introduction, the rest of the speech will come relatively easily.

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Anxiety stop-time technique

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Allow your anxiety to present itself for up to a few minutes until you declare time for confidence to step in so you can proceed to complete your practice

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Visualization

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a highly effective way to reduce nervousness. 9 The following is a script for visualizing success on a public-speaking occasion. This exercise requires you, the speaker, to close your eyes and visualize a series of positive feelings and reactions that will occur on the day of the speech

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What are some of the common fears associated with public-speaking anxiety?

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Messing up and what is the audience thinking

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At what points in the speech making process does nervousness occur?

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In the process of making the speech, before, after, and during the speech

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What are some strategies you can use to gain confidence as a speaker?

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Practice in front of people you are comfortable with, slow breathing, meditation, visualizing

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Why do you think Public Speaking is a source of anxiety for most people?

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Its scary to talk to a bunch of people staring at you and you want to know if people like you, or if they're bored or what they're thinking, etc.

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How can visualization and meditation help with speech anxiety?

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Visualize how well you are going to do on your presentation because you practiced so much. Take deep breaths to call yourself (Meditate).

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Ethics derived from what word

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Ethos

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Ethos

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means "character"

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Speacker credibility

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Reveals that people place their greatest trust in speakers who: Have a solid grasp of the subject. Display sound reasoning skills. Are honest and unmanipulative. Are genuinely interested in the welfare of their listeners.

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First Amendment

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Guarantees freedom of speech, assures protection both to speakers who treat the truth with respect and to those whose words are inflammatory and offensive

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Defamatory

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potentially harms an individual's reputation at work or in the community

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Speach that is illegal

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Speech that provokes people to violence Defamatory Speech that invades a perons privacy, disclosing information about the induvidual that is not in the public record

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Public discourse

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Speech involving issues of importance to the larger community *i.e. need to increase safety on campus or take action to slow climate change*

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Invective

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Verbal attacks designed to unfairly discredit, demean, and belittle those with whom you disagree

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Dignity

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refers to ensuring that listeners feel worthy, honored, or respected as individuals.

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Intergrity

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signals the speaker's incorruptibility— that he or she will avoid compromising the truth for the sake of personal expediency

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Trustworthiness

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a combination of honesty and dependability

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Respect

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by addressing audience members as unique human beings and refraining from any form of personal attack

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Responsibility

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being accountable for what you say

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Fairness

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making a genuine effort to see all sides of an issue and acknowledging the information listeners need in order to make informed decisions

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Hate Speech

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Any offensive communication—verbal or nonverbal—that is directed against people's racial, ethnic, religious, gender, or other characteristics

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Plagerism

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the passing off of another person's information as one's own

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Common knowledge

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information that is likely to be known by many people

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When citing other people's ideas, you can present them in one of three ways:

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Direct quotations Paraphrase Summary

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Direct quotations

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are verbatim—or word for word— presentations of statements made by someone else

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Paraphrase

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a restatement of someone else's ideas, opinions, or theories in the speaker's own words

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Summary

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a brief overview of someone else's ideas, opinions, or theories

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Copyright

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a legal protection afforded by the creators of original literary and artistic works

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Public Domain

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anyone may reproduce it

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Fair use

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which permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, or research

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Creative Commons

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an organization that allows creators of works to decide how they want other people to use their copyrighted works

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Listening

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is the conscious act of receiving, comprehending, interpreting, evaluating , and responding to messages.

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Selective Perception

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people pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others

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What infuences selective hearing:

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We pay attention to what we hold to be important. We pay attention to information that touches our experiences and backgrounds. We sort andfilter new information on the basis of what we already know (i.e., one way we learn is by analogy)

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Dialogic Communication

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is the open sharing of ideas in an atmosphere of respect

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Feedback loop

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We pay attention to what we hold to be important. We pay attention to information that touches our experiences and backgrounds. We sort andfilter new information on the basis of what we already know (i.e., one way we learn is by analogy)

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Active Listening

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Listening that is focused and purposeful

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Listening distraction

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Anything that competes for the attention we are trying to give to something else

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Defensive Listening

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To decide whether you won't like what the speaker is going to say or you know better

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