Psychopathology Unit 2 – Chapter 6 – Flashcards
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A typical episode of major depression last __________, with very severe cases lasting as long as​ several years.
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9 months
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Which of the following is usually a component of a major depressive episode?​
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​Cognitive disturbance ​Somatic/vegetative symptoms ​Loss of interest/motivation
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Which of the following is NOT usually a component of a major depressive episode?​
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Flight of ideas
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Which of the following is a symptom of a manic episode?​
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Grandiosity
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One symptom of a mood disorder is anhedonia, which means?
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an inability to experience pleasure
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When used in connection with mood disorders, "flight of ideas" means​?
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rapid speech expressing many exciting ideas at once
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In comparing the length of untreated depressive episodes and untreated manic episodes, which of the following is an accurate statement?​
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Depressive episodes generally last longer
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A hypomanic episode refers to​?
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A shorter and less severe form of a manic episode with less impairment in functioning
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The physical or somatic symptoms of a major depressive disorder include
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changes in appetite or weight
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Which of the following symptoms characterize a manic episode?​
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Irritability
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A 35-year-old individual named Manny has recently formulated an elaborate plan to cure AIDS with vitamin therapy. To provide funding for this cause, he has withdrawn all the money from his bank account and purchased thousands of jars of vitamins and small boxes in which to put them. When he appeared at a hospital emergency room loudly demanding names of patients with AIDS, he himself was hospitalized for psychiatric observation. What of the following is Manny experiencing?​
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Manic Episode
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Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding mood disorders?
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An individual experiencing manic symptoms can also be depressed or anxious
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Dysphoric mania refers to a type of mood disorder in which manic episodes are​
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accompanied by depression or anxiety
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Debbie has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder, recurrent. She wants to know what to expect in the future regarding her condition. You tell her that according to recent research, the median lifetime number of major depressive episodes is​
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4-7
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According to recent research, the median duration of recurrent (subsequent to the first episode) major depressive episodes is
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4 to 5 months
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Persistent depressive disorder differs (PDD) from major depressive disorder (MDD) because people diagnosed with PDD have symptoms of depression that are
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longer-lasting
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Jack has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive episodes. In the intervals between the episodes, he does not seem to return to "normal." In fact, during those periods, he has been diagnosed as have low-grade depression. Jack's condition is referred to as
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double depression
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Research studies reported in your textbook indicate that during the 20th century, the age of onset for depression
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decreased
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According to recent research, the percentage of people age 18 to 23 who have already experienced major depression is _____ percent
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24
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The probability that a person will recover from a major depressive episode within five years approaches 90 percent in
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all cases
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Regarding severe cases of major depressive disorder, those in which the depressive episode has lasted five years or more, all of the following statements are accurate EXCEPT
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the next episode is likely to be manic, rather than depressive
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In comparison to a later age of onset, early onset of persistent depressive disorder (before age 21) is associated with all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
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better prognosis
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Not only is there a high prevalence of persistent depressive disorder in children, but it has also been found that three-fourths of these children will eventually be diagnosed with​
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major depressive disorder
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Symptoms of severe depression are generally NOT considered a psychological disorder when they are associated with​
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a grief reaction
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Although grieving is considered a normal process, it does sometimes become a psychological disorder. Which of the following cases would NOT be diagnosed as complicated grief?​
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Mrs. C's dog recently died. Three weeks later, her friends suggest that she get another dog "to help her get over the loss." Mrs. C refuses, saying she just isn't ready to get another dog and still has trouble accepting that "Duchess" is gone
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Considering the terms used to differentiate mood disorders, cyclothymic is to dysthymic as​
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bipolar is to major depressive
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Jane is diagnosed with Bipolar II disorder. You can expect that she will experience
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hypomanic episodes
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Which of the following is NOT true about a hypomanic manic episode?​
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It causes marked impairment in social or occupational functioning
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Some psychologists were reluctant to make premenstrual dysphoric disorder a formal diagnosis because​
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It has the potential to be stigmatizing for women
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Children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder are most at risk for later developing
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Depressive and anxiety disorders
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Which of the following 8-year-old children should most likely receive a diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?​
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Mary Ann, who can't help snapping at her parents and feelings an overwhelming irritability that she feels uncontrollable
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At various times, Cynthia, a 20-year-old college student, has always been considered by her family and/or friends to be moody, high-strung, explosive, or hyperactive. Knowing the criteria for mood disorders, you would diagnose Cynthia with
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Cyclothymia
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In about _____________ percent of patients, cyclothymic mood swings develop into full-blown bipolar disorder
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25 - 33
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Since traditional antidepressant medication such as tricyclics and SSRIs may actually provoke rapid cycling in patients with bipolar disorder, mood stabilizers and ________ are often prescribed instead
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anticonvulsants
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studies of bipolar patients who experience rapid cycling, it has been found that as many as 90 percent are
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female
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Milton has been mildly depressed for many years. Just recently, however, his depression deepened, and he was severely depressed for about three months. His deep depression then lifted and he was once again mildly depressed. Milton​
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will require a longer and more intense course of treatment to maintain a normal mood state
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Experiencing depression ________ the risk of death in elderly patients who have had a stroke or heart attack
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doubles
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The presence of medical illnesses or symptoms of dementia can make the diagnosis of depression difficult in
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the elderly
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Cross-cultural research indicates that, due at least in part to appalling social and economic conditions, the prevalence of major depression is extremely high among
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Native Americans
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Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the relationship between anxiety and depression?​
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Almost all depressed patients are anxious, but not every anxious patient is depressed
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In research looking at the biological causes of mood disorders, studies have shown that if one of a set of twins is unipolar, the probability that the other twin is unipolar is ___________ percent
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80
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In terms of the etiology of mood disorders, research has shown that​
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environmental stress plays a larger role in causing depression in men than in women
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Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "permissive" hypothesis, which means that
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when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities
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Which type of brain wave activity indicates calm, positive feelings?​
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Alpha waves
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Recent research suggests that
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​the suppression of neurogenesis in the hippocampus is due to the connection between high stress hormones and depression. ​low hippocampal volume may precede and contribute to the onset of depression. ​electroconvulsive therapy seems to produce neurogenesis in the hippocampus. (All of the above)
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One symptom of depression is an increase in sleeping. What other symptom related to sleep occurs in depression?​
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Decreased slow wave sleep, the deepest stage of sleep
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With regard to the relationship between stress and depression, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT that​
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recurrent episodes of depression, but not initial episodes, are strongly predicted by major life stress
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The idea that individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression place themselves in high-risk, stressful environments reflects the
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reciprocal gene-environment model
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An individual who usually says "It's all my fault" when anything goes wrong is reflecting the ________ characteristic of the depressive attributional style
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internal
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Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is informed by
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the learned helplessness model
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In 1989, Abramson and his colleagues revised Seligman's theory of learned helplessness, changing the focus from specific attributions to ________ as the crucial factor in depression
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a sense of hopelessness
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A student who has been doing very well in her psychology class receives a minor critical comment on an essay that she wrote as part of an exam. The student thinks, "This is terrible. I'm probably going to fail the course." This type of cognitive error in thinking is called
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overgeneralization
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In Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad, individuals think negatively about all of the following EXCEPT
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Moral principles
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According to recent research on the development of depression, dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook) and hopelessness attributes (explaining things negatively) constitute a ________ vulnerability to depression
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cognitive
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For individuals who had not been previously depressed, research studies indicate that a marital separation or divorce resulted in
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a higher rate of depression in men
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Some possible reasons for the higher rates of depression found in women relate to the disadvantages experienced by women in the United States, such as
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​discrimination and poverty. ​abuse and sexual harassment. (Both a and b)
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Which of the following factors contribute to the integrative theory of depression?
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​​Stressful life events ​Stress hormones ​Neurotransmitters (All of the above)
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With regard to social support,
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having social support helped speed recovery from depressive episodes
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The therapeutic effects of tricyclic antidepressants begin
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2 to 8 weeks after starting the medication
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Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the treatment of mood disorders?
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Delaying or preventing future episodes of major depression is often an important treatment goal, instead of merely recovering from current depression
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Clinical studies have shown that the favorable response rate for patients taking antidepressant medications is ______ percent
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50
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Lithium is a _______and is prescribed as the gold standard for treatment of _______.​
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Mood stabilizer; bipolar disorder
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All of the following statements about lithium therapy are true EXCEPT
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once a person is symptom-free for six months, he/she may stop taking lithium
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All of the following statements are accurate about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) EXCEPT
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depressed patients with psychotic symptoms should be treated with medication, not ECT
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation is currently not a widely used form of treatment for depression; it is
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Has only been tested in a relatively small number of individuals
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Interpersonal psychotherapy deals with all of the following interpersonal problems EXCEPT
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environmental interactions
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The antidepressant medication lithium is also referred to as a mood stabilizer because it
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helps to prevent manic episodes
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Although the mood-stabilizing drug lithium is the preferred treatment for bipolar disorder, patient compliance has been a problem. Patients often stop taking their lithium, even though it is effective in stabilizing their moods, because they
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miss the euphoric feelings that mania produces
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Although ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) has been a controversial issue for decades, it is an effective treatment for depression, especially when
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patient response to antidepressant medication is poor
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In comparing ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) to antidepressant medication, all of the following statements are accurate EXCEPT that
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continued treatment with medication or psychotherapy is not needed after ECT
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Seligman and his colleagues conducted a course in which university students at risk for depression were taught cognitive and social problem-solving skills. Students in the study were determined to be at risk for depression based on a
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pessimistic cognitive style
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Which of the following statements about suicide is correct?
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For college students, suicide is the second leading cause of death
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Research has found that low serotonin levels may be implicated in suicidal behavior because they affect all of the following EXCEPT
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inertia
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Although the glorification and romanticizing of suicide in the media contributes to the incidence of copycats, it is more likely that the person copying the suicide is
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vulnerable due to an existing psychological disorder
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​Impulsive suicidal behavior is often a symptom of ________ personality disorder
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borderline
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Evidence for an inherited tendency toward suicidal behavior comes from research involving
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adoption and twin studies
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Which of the following statements reflects the current thinking on the issue of the relationship between mood disorders and suicide?
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Suicide is often associated with psychological disorders, especially depression
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Suheil comes into your clinical psychology practice reporting that he's been feeling so down he's had suicide on his mind. To determine his level of risk for suicide, you should make sure to assess Suheil's
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​Desire to actually carry out a suicide ​Access to weapons and other means of suicide ​Specific plans, if any, for committing suicide (All of the above)
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Statistics on suicide indicate that approximately one-quarter to one-half of all suicides are associated with
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alcohol use
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All of the following are risk factors for suicide EXCEPT
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a vague suicidal fantasy without detailed plans
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Last week, as he does about every three months, Ryan went out with his friends, buying rounds of drinks, socializing until early morning, and feeling on top of the world. Today Ryan will not even get out of bed to go to work, see his friends, or even turn on the light. What is his disorder?
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Bipolar I Disorder
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Feeling certain he would win the lottery, Charles went out on an all night shopping spree, maxing out all his credit cards without a worry. We know he's done this several times, feeling abnormally extreme elation, joy, and euphoria. What is his disorder?
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Mania
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Ayana has had some mood disorder problems in the past, although some days she's better than others. Many days it seems like she has fallen into a rut. Although she manages to get by, she has trouble making decisions because she doesn't trust herself. What is her disorder?
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Persistent depressive disorder
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For the past few weeks, Jennifer has been sleeping a lot. She feels worthless, can't get up the energy to leave the house, and has a lost A lot of weight. Her problem is the most common and extremely disorder. What is her disorder?
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Major depressive episode
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Eusebio is always down and a big blue, but occasionally he become so depressed that nothing pleases him. What is his disorder?
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Double depression
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True or false: women are approximately twice as likely is meant to be diagnosed with a mood disorder.
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True
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True or false: depression requires it some life experience, indicating that babies and young children cannot experience with this order.
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False
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True or false: it's often difficult to diagnose depression in the elderly because it's symptoms are similar to those of medical almonds or dementia.
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True
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Your fault: somatic symptoms Characterizing you disorders and yearly equivalent across cultures.
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True.
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List five biological sources that can contribute to mood disorders.
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Genetics, neurotransmitter system, abnormalities, endocrine system, circadian or sleep rhythms, neurohormones
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What psychological factors can have an impact on me disorders?
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Stressful life events, learned helplessness, depressive cognitive triad, a sense of uncontrollability
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Name several social and cultural dimensions that contribute to move disorders.
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Marital dissatisfaction, gender, few social support
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The controversial but somewhat successful treatment involving the production of seizures through electrical current of the brain is what type of treatment for mood disorders?
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Electroconvulsive therapy
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This teaches clients to carefully examine their thought process and recognize "depressive" styles in thinking. What type of treatment for mood disorders is this?
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Cognitive therapy
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These come in three main types (tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, and SSRIs) and are often prescribed but have a numerous side effects. What type of treatment for mood disorders is this?
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Antidepressants
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This antidepressant must be carefully regulated to avoid illness but has the advantage of affecting manic episode. What type of treatment for mood disorders is this?
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Lithium
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This therapy focuses on resolving problems and existing relationships and learning to form new interpersonal relationships. What treatment for mood disorders is this?
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Interpersonal psychotherapy
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This is it an effort to prevent relapse or recurrence over the long run. What type of treatment for mood disorders is this?
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Maintenance treatment
