Psychology Vocab Chapter 5 – Flashcards
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Sex
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the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females
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Gender
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the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women
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Aggression
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. Men generally admit to more aggression than women
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Relational aggression
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an act of aggression (Physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing. Women are more likely to commit this type of aggression
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2 ways biology influences gender
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genetically and physiologically
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X Chromsome
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the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have 2 X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child
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Y Chromosome
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the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X Chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.
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Testosterone
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the most important of the male sex hormones that promotes development of male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
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Puberty
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the period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproducing
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
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Secondary sex characteristics
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nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
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Spermarche
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first ejaculation
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Menarche
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the first menstrual period
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Disorder of sexual development
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a condition present at birth that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy
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Role
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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Gender roles
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a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females
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Gender identity
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our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two
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Social learning theory
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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
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Gender typing
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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
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Androgyny
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displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
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Transgender
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an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
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Estrogens
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sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
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Sexual response cycle
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the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
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Refractory period
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a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
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Sexual dysfunctions
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a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
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Erectile disorder
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inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient bloodlfow to the penis
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Female orgasmic disorder
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distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm
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Paraphilias
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sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons
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AIDS
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a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV
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Social scripts
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culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
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Sexual orientation
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our enduring sexual attraction toward members of our own sex, the other sex, or both sexes
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Gender schemas
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the cognitive frameworks for developing concepts of "male" and "female"; these frameworks guide our observations
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The Bechdel Test
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media has to have at least 2 women in it, who talk to each other, about something besides a man
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Gender and Aggression
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Men behave more aggressively than a women, and are more likely to behave in ways that harm others.
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Gender and Social Power
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In many cultures men tend to interact in more dominating ways than women. Men often have attributes and reputations that help them attain more social power than women do.
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Gender and Play
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Boys focus on activity, competition, and dictate how time will proceed. Girls focus on conversation, social relationship, and are open to feedback
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Gender and Communication
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In general, both men and women turn to women when they want someone to talk to, seeking the "tend and befriend" response or better listening.
