question

In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to

answer

give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task

question

Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______.

answer

public; women; men

question

The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of

answer

groupthink

question

If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the

answer

foot-in-the-door technique

question

A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change.

answer

obedience

question

In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level.

answer

61 and 66

question

Attitudes

answer

are learned through experiences and contact with others

question

Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of

answer

direct contact

question

A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through

answer

persuasion

question

People can reduce cognitive dissonance by

answer

forming new cognitions to justify their behavior

question

Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of

answer

situational cause

question

_____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude.

answer

Prejudice; discrimination

question

The formation of in-groups and out-groups

answer

begins in childhood

question

Scapegoats are

answer

typically members of the out-group

question

The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is

answer

stereotype vulnerability

question

Strategies for overcoming prejudice include

answer

education and equal status contact

question

Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

answer

proximity

question

Research has found that the view that opposites attract

answer

is false

question

According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and

answer

commitment

question

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of

answer

intimacy and commitment

question

Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in

answer

aggression

question

The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

answer

highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people

question

Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. This is an example of

answer

altruism

question

The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to

answer

the bystander effect

question

_______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility.

answer

Diffusion of responsibility

question

Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved

answer

asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room

question

Studies have shown more conformity

answer

in collectivist cultures

question

The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because

answer

some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion

question

Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. Chris is showing

answer

compliance

question

Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Carol is showing

answer

obedience

question

In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter

answer

told them that they had to continue

question

Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates

answer

group polarization

question

The ABC Model of Attitudes includes

answer

Affect, Behavior, and Cognition

question

If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is

answer

more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking

question

When trying to persuade an audience, the message should

answer

present both sides of the argument

question

A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message.

answer

central-route processing

question

Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Nicole will probably experience

answer

cognitive dissonance

question

When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs.

answer

impression formation

question

Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on

answer

implicit personality theory

question

Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do.

answer

attribution theory

question

In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is

answer

the actor-observer bias

question

When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called

answer

discrimination

question

In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color.

answer

discrimination

question

According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others.

answer

social identity

question

In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

answer

reciprocity

question

_______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.

answer

Companionate

question

Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is

answer

a basic human instinct

question

_________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression.

answer

Testosterone

question

The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is

answer

ambiguous

question

Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is

answer

planning a course of action

question

_____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others.

answer

Social psychology

question

In Asch's black line experiment, participants

answer

conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time.

question

Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of

answer

groupthink

question

Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. This is the

answer

norm of reciprocity

question

People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique

answer

in collectivist cultures

question

Stanley Milgram set out to learn

answer

how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure

question

Social loafing can be explained by the fact that

answer

it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people

question

The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions.

answer

feelings

question

Attitudes are

answer

poor predictors of actual behavior

question

If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the

answer

source, message, and target audience

question

When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes

answer

dissonance

question

In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task

answer

convinced themselves that the task was interesting

question

Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Jeff is assuming a

answer

dispositional cause

question

Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. This is

answer

the fundamental attribution error.

question

Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______.

answer

attitude; behavior

question

The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group

answer

with the least power

question

In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem.

answer

social comparison

question

The "Robber's Cave" study showed that

answer

prejudice can be created by separation

question

According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship.

answer

romantic love

question

In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in

answer

consummate love

question

One common cause of aggression is

answer

frustration

question

The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the

answer

amygdala

question

Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because

answer

of the extreme effect it was having on the participants

question

Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. This is an example of

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

Most people associate the term cult with

answer

a fringe group

question

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of

answer

conformity

question

Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer?

answer

Solomon Asch

question

_______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts.

answer

Groupthink

question

All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT

answer

openness to differing opinions

question

At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales.

answer

norm of reciprocity

question

Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" To which he readily agrees. Selena has just used the

answer

door-in-the-face technique

question

Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as

answer

obedience

question

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond?

answer

the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed

question

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

answer

social loafing

question

Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Her improved performance is an example of

answer

social facilitation

question

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

answer

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

question

Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation?

answer

DNA inherited from your parents

question

Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example?

answer

interaction with others

question

Which communicator would likely be most persuasive?

answer

an attractive person who is an expert

question

________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message.

answer

central-route processing

question

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?

answer

Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2.

question

Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance?

answer

A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes.

question

What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person?

answer

impression formation

question

Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of

answer

implicit personality theory

question

The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called

answer

attribution

question

"Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." How would a social psychologist describe this situation?

answer

The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution.

question

While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. He must be a genius." You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of

answer

fundamental attribution errors

question

A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________.

answer

prejudice; discrimination

question

The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called

answer

social identity

question

Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice?

answer

bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other

question

We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people.

answer

like

question

When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics.

answer

complementary

question

Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love?

answer

lust

question

Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as

answer

aggression

question

The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression.

answer

the environment

question

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward?

answer

altruism

question

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane?

answer

There is a diffusion of responsibility

question

In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it.

answer

one-tenth

question

All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________.

answer

That person is from Hong Kong

question

In groupthink, members of the group______.

answer

have an illusion of invulnerability

question

When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. This is most like which of the following techniques?

answer

foot-in-the-door technique

question

Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment?

answer

A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year.

question

Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. Alex was most likely engaging in________.

answer

social loafing

question

Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude?

answer

"Italian food is the best of the European cuisines."

question

Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______.

answer

vicarious conditioning

question

Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion?

answer

the source

question

Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion?

answer

presence of supporters

question

"I didn't like the sermon at all today. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing?

answer

peripheral-route processing

question

In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________.

answer

paid only $1.

question

Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE?

answer

Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect

question

Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________.

answer

schemas

question

Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. This is an example of_______ cause.

answer

dispositional

question

John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. Eddie has made the _________.

answer

fundamental attribution error

question

In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______.

answer

situational factors

question

The behavioral component of prejudice is______.

answer

discrimination

question

The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups.

answer

conflict

question

In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______.

answer

test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group.

question

Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory?

answer

superodinate goals

question

Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice?

answer

asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room

question

Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction?

answer

personality

question

The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person.

answer

like

question

A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____.

answer

reciprocity of liking effect

question

According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love.

answer

passion

question

According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior?

answer

marijuana

question

The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______.

answer

amygdala

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time.

question

According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______.

answer

only one other person standing nearby.

question

In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______.

answer

they were alone in the room.

question

Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______.

answer

taking responsibility

question

Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures.

answer

collectivistic

question

To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following?

answer

Discourage questions and alternate solutions.

question

Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique.

answer

lowball

question

Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion.

answer

foot-in-the-door

question

Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______.

answer

social facilitation

question

Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude.

answer

behavioral

question

The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation?

answer

direct instruction

question

Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________.

answer

moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences.

question

Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Sandy was using_______ processing.

answer

central-route

question

Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance?

answer

ignore the conflict

question

Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about.

answer

impression formation

question

Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion

answer

implicit personality theories

question

If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________.

answer

a dispositional cause

question

The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________.

answer

in-group

question

Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations?

answer

two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane

question

The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes.

answer

social cognitive

question

Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Patrick has a strong_____.

answer

social identity

question

The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______.

answer

stereotype vulnerability

question

The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice.

answer

equal status contact

question

Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______.

answer

proximity

question

According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love.

answer

consummate

question

The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory.

answer

psychoanalytical

question

The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________.

answer

serotonin

question

Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following?

answer

increased levels of altruism in children

question

To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her?

answer

bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly

question

Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping?

answer

defining an emergency

question

Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members.

answer

talking with parents of the recruit

question

Studies have found that the __________is particularly active when people have made a decision

answer

left frontal cortex

question

Studies have shown that when participants "shock" a virtual human on the computer,

answer

they have the same emotional responses as if it were a real person.

question

In Sternberg's theory, _______ encompasses the physical aspects of love.

answer

Passion

question

_________ is common in college settings, where students and instructors from many different backgrounds live, work, and study together.

answer

Intergroup contact

question

As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings, and thoughts are often guided by

answer

social influence.

question

The that's-not-all technique activates

answer

the norm of reciprocity.

question

The door-in-the-face technique involves

answer

asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment.

question

Sheri's coworker, Stephanie, is extremely scared of spiders and screams every time she sees one in the warehouse. After a few weeks of working closely with Stephanie in the warehouse, Sheri is scared of spiders, too. This is

answer

vicarious conditioning.

question

When member of a group devote their lives to obtaining physical pleasure and immediate satisfaction of their needs, according to Freud, this group is dominated by their

answer

id

question

Freud believed that children adopt their parents' moral beliefs during the _______ stage of personality development.

answer

phallic

question

The Oedipus complex refers to

answer

a child developing a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and displaying jealousy of the same-sex parent.

question

According to Freud, children in the latency stage

answer

develop intellectually, physically, and socially.

question

The image of oneself, which is based on information from significant people in one's life, is that person's

answer

self-concept

question

Surface traits

answer

are seen in the outward actions of a person.

question

With regard to the Big Five traits of personality, when someone is creative, artistic, non-conforming, and curious, he or she tends to score high on the _______ trait.

answer

openness

question

One of the major problems associated with personality inventories is that they are

answer

dependent on the honesty of the person taking the test. 521

question

The advantage of personality inventories over projective tests is that inventories are

answer

standardized

question

Sigmund Freud's ideas were probably shaped by the historical era in which he lived, a time known as the

answer

Victorian Age

question

Freud believed the mind was divided into three parts: the _________, the ________, and the preconscious

answer

unconscious; conscious

question

Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior is known as

answer

sublimation

question

According to Freud, the oral stage

answer

involves the conflict of weaning

question

_______ believed that there was not only a personal unconscious, but a collective unconscious as well.

answer

Jung

question

Which of the following perspectives on personality focuses on aspects that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice?

answer

humanistic

question

_______ are more concerned with describing personality and predicting behavior than with the explanation of personality development

answer

Trait theorists

question

Jim and Jose were studying for their psychology test. Jim asked Jose to name a test developed by Cattell based on factor analysis to measure one's personality characteristics. Jose knew right away that Jim was talking about the

answer

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

question

The assumption that the particular circumstance of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed is known as

answer

trait-situation interaction

question

The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting that affects later interpretation of that person is

answer

halo effect

question

The ______ consists of 20 black and white pictures of people in ambiguous situations

answer

Thematic Apperception Test

question

Tests in which people are asked to tell what they see in ambiguous visual stimuli are

answer

Projective tests

question

The _____ specifically test for abnormal behavioral patterns in personality.

answer

MMPI-2

question

Joe complains that his coworker, George, is irritating because George never has a nice thing to say about anyone or anything. Joe believes George's problem is an enduring characteristic with which George was born.In other words, Joe dislikes George's

answer

temperament

question

Heidi is exploring her options and trying to decide where her best potential and abilities lie. She has a good idea of who she is and what she wants out of life. Carl Rogers would say that Heidi is a

answer

fully functioning person

question

A music teacher wants to test her students on their piano skills. She then proceeds to administer a multiple choice test. This test lacks

answer

validity

question

The process girls experience, with their father as the object of their affections and their mother as the rival, is

answer

the Electra complex

question

Rogers believed that ___________ is necessary if one is to become a fully functioning person.

answer

having the unconditional positive regard of one's loved ones

question

According to the five-factor model, a person who is calm and stable would score low on the trait of

answer

neuroticism

question

The Victorian Age was a time of

answer

sexual repression

question

The acronym _____ can be used to remember the core trait dimensions of the big five trait approach.

answer

OCEAN

question

Which type of assessment are psychoanalysts most likely to use

answer

Rorschach inkblot test

question

Jung called collective, universal human memories

answer

archetypes

question

In rogers' view, problems arise when

answer

the ideal self is impossible to attain

question

Sophie has a chance to interview for a promotion at work. She is sure she will do poorly anyway, so she decides against it. Bandura would say that Sophie has

answer

low self-efficacy.

question

In examining the five-factor model (or the Big Five) Costa and McCrae believed that these traits are not ____. In other words, knowing someone's score on one trait would not give any information about scores on the other four traits.

answer

interdependent

question

Carl Jung, unlike Freud, Believed that ____ held much more than personal fears, urges, and memories

answer

the personal unconscious

question

In the behaviorists' view, personality is simply a set of

answer

habits.

question

Leslie continues to eat fast food every day even though it is causing her diabetes and high cholesterol to become worse. Her behavior is an example of

answer

the pleasure principle

question

A trait theorist would most likely use which of the following personality assessments?

answer

the California Psychological Inventory

question

One criticism of Freud is that his clients were

answer

almost all wealthy women

question

The _____ comes from those important, significant others in a person's life, most often the parents

answer

ideal self

question

According to the humanistic view, internal conflict can be avoided by

answer

having a realistic view of one's real self

question

According to Horney, a child might deal with anxiety by

answer

withdrawing from personal relationships

question

Devon is taking a personality test that includes a long list of questions. For each question, Devon must choose from a limited set of answers. Devon is taking a

answer

personality inventory

question

One of the main proponents of the humanistic view was

answer

Carl Rogers

question

When assessing personality, trait theorist are most likely to use

answer

personality inventories

question

The _______ represented the final process in Freud's personality theory.

answer

genital stage

question

The office of one of your professors is extremely neat and tidy. All the books are carefully arranged on the shelves, and there are no papers lying about. Freud might suggest that this person has a(n)

answer

anal fixation

question

According to Rotter, the key factors influencing a person's decisions to act in a certain way in a particular circumstance are reinforcement value and

answer

expectancy.

question

The neo-Freudians

answer

retained many of Freud's original concepts.

question

Some believe that humanistic theory is

answer

more of a philosophical view than a psychological explanation.

question

When an assessor literally counts the number of times a behavior is performed, it is called a

answer

frequency count.

question

Hofstede's dimensions differ from the Big Five in that they are

answer

based on the traits of a culture rather than an individual.

question

When a therapist asks questions and writes down the answers in a survey process, what assessment method is the therapist using?

answer

interview

question

Shortly after her daughter is born, Anna's three-year-old son wants to start sleeping in the crib again. This is an example of

answer

regression.

question

Freud would say that a man who bites his fingernails is

answer

orally fixated.

question

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based on the ideas of

answer

Carl Jung.

question

Cattell would call shyness a

answer

surface trait.

question

According to Freud, the ________ mind is where we keep events, information, concerns, and thoughts of which we are not currently aware but can readily access.

answer

preconscious

question

The Minnesota twin study showed

answer

a possible genetic component to some aspects of personality.

question

A person's personality should not be confused with their character, which is the person's

answer

morals or ethics.

question

The ego works

answer

to satisfy needs while avoiding negative consequences.

question

Trait theories differ from other theories of personality development in that they

answer

are less concerned with how personality develops than they are with describing personalities and the actions that result from them.

question

Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism consists of

answer

environment, behavior, and personal factors.

question

Researchers have looked for evidence of genetic influences on personality by comparing identical twins to

answer

fraternal twins.

question

___________ studies how much of an individual's personality is inherited.

answer

Behavioral genetics

question

During the latency stage, children are in a state of

answer

repression.

question

Sigmund Freud is considered the founder of

answer

the psychodynamic movement in psychology.

question

According to Freud, the ______ contains the conscience.

answer

superego

question

_________ see personality as nothing more than a set of learned responses.

answer

Behaviorists

question

One way in which the social cognitive view differs from psychoanalytic theory is that it

answer

can be and has been tested under scientific conditions.

question

Cattell's personality questionnaire is based on

answer

16 source traits.

question

In Freud's theory, the id, the ego, and the superego

answer

are in constant conflict.

question

Jim is unconsciously attracted to Max but outwardly voices an extreme hatred of homosexuals. Which defense mechanism is Jim exhibiting?

answer

reaction formation

question

Hofstede found that the United States is low in

answer

power distance.

question

Claire's boss picked on by by her in front of her coworkers in a meeting. When she got home, she started a fight with her roommate. What form of coping with this frustration did Claire demonstrate

answer

displaced aggression

question

When Ben found out his girlfriend had been unfaithful, he didn't say anything to her but he was furious on the inside. Ben is personality type

answer

C

question

If Tom has been adapting to a stressor and is now experiencing fatigue due to prolonged muscle tension, according to psychologist Selye, Tom is in the _______ stage.

answer

exhaustion

question

Howard was upset that her got a B in Biology, but he felt better knowing that the average grade was a C. Howard was using _____ to make himself feel better.

answer

downward social comparison

question

When Ravi found out he didn't get a high enough grade on his final for an A in his psychology course, he experienced stress from

answer

frustration

question

Which of the fooling is NOT true regarding optimists?

answer

They have a 75% lower risk of premature death.

question

____ are types of sexual problems caused by physical disorders of psychological stress.

answer

Organic of stress-induced dysfunctions

question

According to Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach, the first step in appraising a stressor is called _____ appraisal

answer

primary

question

People facing _____ conflict are dealing with two or more goals or events that are unpleasant

answer

avoidance-avoidance

question

The method of coping with stress in which a person changes the way he or she feels or emotionally reacts to a stressor is the _____ method

answer

emotion-focused coping

question

Psychologist Hans Selye's three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress are called the

answer

general adaptation syndrome

question

During the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the adrenal glands release hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and the supply of blood sugar.

answer

alarm

question

The phases of the general adaption sydrome are alarm, resistance, and

answer

exhaustion

question

_____ results when people experience unpleasant stressors.

answer

Distress

question

Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale focuses on

answer

how life events cause stress in one's life

question

A person dealing with acculturative stress by choosing to maintain a sense of the original culture identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the majority culture is using the _____ method.

answer

integration

question

Two economically based social factors discussed in the text that create stressful living conditions are poverty and

answer

job stress

question

_____ is a sexual dysfunction in which a male cannot maintain an erection long enough to complete the sexual act.

answer

Male erectile disorder

question

Adults find the hassle of _____ to be the greatest source of stress.

answer

Fighting among family members

question

MIller and Rahe found that overall stress associated with many of the items on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale had _____ from the original 1967 ratings

answer

increased about 45%

question

Marge is easygoing, slow to anger and usually relaxed. Marge's personality type is

answer

B

question

Which of the following is a typical first response to a source of frustration?

answer

persistence

question

Drug abuse, as a reaction to a source of frustration, is a form of

answer

withdrawl

question

Stress has been shown to

answer

put people at higher risk of heart attacks

question

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of meditation?

answer

brain waves change to include more delta waves

question

Religion is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

answer

reducing people's numbers of negative life events.

question

Becca put her last dollar into a vending machine to buy herself a snack. The machine accepted the dollar but did not release the snack. Becca pushed the button for coin return, but the machine did not refund her money. She continued to keep pushing the button for several minutes. Her behavior is an example of

answer

persistence.

question

_______ refers to negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration.

answer

Burnout

question

A person dealing with acculturative stress by choosing to maintain a sense of the original culture identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the majority culture is using the _______ method.

answer

integration

question

Researchers found that _______ were much more strongly affected by hassles such as shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather.

answer

elderly people

question

The ______ returns the body to normal functioning after the stress has ended

answer

parasympathetic nervous system

question

______ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging.

answer

Stress

question

Which of the following ranks the highest on the SRRS?

answer

Divorce

question

Mike thinks of himself as a "go-getter." He gets to work early, leaves late, doesn't stop for lunch, and competes with his coworkers to get the best accounts and to complete a task with the least errors. He also runs 5 miles a day, always takes work on vacation with him, and will only watch TV if he can fold laundry or do dishes while watching. Mike is a _________ personality.

answer

Type A

question

More than anything else, Kendra wants to be the lead singer in a rock band and become famous. However, during her singing lessons her music teacher has told her that her voice is flat and she has no future as a singer. This is an example of

answer

internal frustration.

question

Day-to-day hassles

answer

are predictors of short-term illnesses such as headaches and colds.

question

Scores between 150 and 199 on the SRRS indicate

answer

a "mild life crisis."

question

Which personality type is associated with cancer?

answer

C

question

According to psychologist Richard Lazarus, the cognitive-mediational theory suggests that

answer

the way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes.

question

The ______ type of conflict, also called a "win-win situation," is easy to resolve and doesn't cause a great deal of stress because a person experiences a desire for two goals.

answer

approach-approach

Psychology Unit4(11,12,13) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards