Flashcards and Answers – Psychology Unit 3
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Sigmund Freud's ideas were probably shaped by the historical era in which he lived, a time known as _____.
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the Victorian Age
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Freud believed the mind was divided into three parts: the _____, _____, and the _____.
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conscious, unconscious, preconscious
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Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior is known as _____.
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sublimation
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According to Freud, the oral stage _____.
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involves the conflict of weaning
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_____ believed that there was not only a personal unconscious, but a collective unconscious as well.
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Jung
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The _____ perspective on personality focuses on aspects that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.
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humanistic
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_____ are more concerned with describing personality and predicting behavior than with the explanation of personality development.
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trait theorists
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Jim and Jose were studying for their psychology test. Jim asked Jose to name a test developed by Cattell based on factor analysis to measure one's personality characteristics. Jose knew right away the Jim was talking about the _____.
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Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
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The assumption that the particular circumstance of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed is known as _____.
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trait-situation interaction
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The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting that affects later interpretation of that person is _____.
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the halo effect
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The _____ consists of 20 black and white pictures of people in ambiguous situations.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Tests in which people are asked to tell what they see in ambiguous visual stimuli are _____.
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projective tests
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The _____ specifically tests for abnormal behavior patterns in personality.
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MMPI-2
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One of the major problems associated with personalities inventories is that they are _____.
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dependent on the honesty of the person taking the test
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The advantage of personality inventories over projective tests is that inventories are _____, so the validity and reliability of inventories are generally recognized as being superior.
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standardized
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When members of a group devote their lives to obtaining physical pleasure and immediate satisfaction of their needs, according to Freud, this group is dominated by their _____.
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id
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Freud believed that children adopt their parent's moral beliefs during the _____ stage of personality development.
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phallic
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The Oedipus complex refers to _____.
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a child developing a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and displaying jealousy of the same-sex parent.
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According to Freud, children in the latency stage _____.
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develop intellectually, physically, and socially
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The image of oneself, which is based on information from significant people in one's life, in that person's _____.
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self-concept
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Surface traits _____.
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are seen in the outward actions of a person
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With regard to the Big Five traits of personality, when someone is creative, artistic, non-conforming, and curious, he or she tends to score high on the _____ trait.
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openness
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Joe complains that his coworker, George, is irritating because George never has a nice thing to say about anyone or anything. Joe believes George's problem is an enduring characteristic with which George was born. In other words, Joe dislikes George's _____.
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temperament
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Heidi is exploring her options and trying to decide where her best potential and abilities lie. She has a good idea of who she is and what she wants out of life. Carl Rogers would say the Heidi is a _____.
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fully-functioning person
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A music teacher wants to test her students on their piano skills. She then proceeds to administer a multiple choice test. This test lacks _____.
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validity
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Claire's boss picked on her in front of her coworkers in a meeting. When she got home, she started a fight with her roommate. What form of coping with frustration did Claire demonstrate?
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displaced aggression
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When Ravi found out that he didn't get a high enough grade of his final for an A in psychology course, he experienced stress from _____.
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frustration
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If Tom has been adapting to a stressor and is now experiencing fatigue due to prolonged muscle tension, according to psychologist Selye, Tom is in the _____ stage.
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exhaustion
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When Ben found out that his girlfriend had been unfaithful, he didn't say anything to her but he was furious on the inside. Ben's personality is _____.
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type C
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Howard was upset that he got a B in biology, but he felt better knowing the class average was a C. Howard was using _____ to make himself feel better.
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downward social comparison
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Becca put her last dollar into the vending machine to buy herself a snack. The machine accepted the dollar but did not released the snack. Becca pushed the button for coin return, but the machine did not refund her money. She continued to keep pushing the button for several minutes. Her behavior is an example of _____.
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persistence
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Drug abuse, as a reaction to a source of frustration, is a form of _____.
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withdrawal
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_____ is typical first response to a source of frustration.
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persistence
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Stress has been shown to _____.
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put people at higher risks for heart attacks
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Marge is easygoing, slow to anger and usually relaxed. Her personality is _____.
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type B
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_____ results when people experience unpleasant stressors.
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distress
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Holme's and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) focuses on _____.
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how life events cause stress in one's life
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Miller and Rahe found that overall stress associated with many of the items on the SRRS had _____ from the original 1967 ratings.
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increased about 45%
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Adults find the hassel of _____ to be the greatest source of stress.
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fighting among family members
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People facing _____ are dealing with two or more goals or events that are unpleasant.
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avoidance-avoidance conflict
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The phases of the general adaptation syndrome are alarm, resistance, and _____.
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exhaustion
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The _____ returns the body to normal functioning after the stress has ended.
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parasympathetic nervous system
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According to Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach, the first step in appraising a stressor is called _____ appraisal.
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primary
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Two economically based social factors discussed in the text that create stressful living conditions are _____ and _____.
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poverty, job stress
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_____ refers to negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration.
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burnout
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A person dealing with acculturative stress by choosing to maintain a sense of the original culture identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the majority culture is using the _____ method.
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integration
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During the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the adrenal glands release hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and the supply of blood sugar.
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alarm
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In regarding optimists, it is not true that _____.
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they have a 75% lower risk of premature death
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_____ is not a benefit a meditation.
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brain waves change to include more delta waves
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Religion is not associated with _____.
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reducing people's numbers of negative life events
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If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the _____.
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foot-in-the-door technique
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Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of _____.
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direct contact
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Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of _____.
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situational cause
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Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden the dorm elevator together several times. This is an example of the _____ rule of attraction.
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proximity
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Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen in engaging in _____.
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aggression
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Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. This is an example of _____.
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altruism
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Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, women show more conformity than men.
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public
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The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of _____.
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groupthink
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Attitudes are _____.
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learned through experiences and contact with others
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People can reduce cognitive dissonance by _____.
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forming new cognitions to justify their behaviors
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Scapegoats are typically _____.
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members of the out-group
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Strategies for overcoming prejudice include _____.
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education and equal status contact
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The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Phillip Zambaro's Standford Prison Study _____.
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highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people
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The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to _____.
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the presence of multiple witnesses
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In Soloman Asch's study, confederates were instructed to _____.
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give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task
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A person demanding _____ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change,
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obedience
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In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level.
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61-66%
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A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through _____.
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persuasion
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Prejudice is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude.
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discrimination
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The formation of in-groups and out-groups begins in _____.
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childhood
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The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is _____.
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stereotype vulnerability
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According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and _____.
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commitment
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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of _____.
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intimacy and commitment
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_____ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility.
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diffusion of responsibility
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Studies have found that the _____ is particularly active when people have made a decision that reduces dissonance and then acted on that decision.
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left frontal cortex
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_____ are commonly associated with the stress of hassels.
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colds
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It has been suggested that concentrative meditation _____.
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can reduce levels of chronic pain
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When it is not possible to change or eliminate a stressor, when worrying about the stressor is becoming another problem, the best emotion-focused way to cope is _____.
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to ignore the stressor
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_____, according to recent studies, should be more widely prescribed by mental health professionals to help ease anxiety and depression disorders and reduce stress and anger.
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exercise
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Marc is worried about his upcoming job interview, but he has practiced interview questions and researched that company, so he feels he will be able to handle the stress. According to Lazarus, Marc is using _____.
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secondary appraisal
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Ashley is standing at the edge of the ocean, staring at the stars in the sky, and she realizes how vast the universe really is. She is mesmerized by this thought and feels a sense of relaxation come over her. This is an example of the goal of _____.
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receptive meditation
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Alan's job required him to move to France. He took the opportunity to take some French cooking classes so he could cook for his friends when he returned home, and he also took some French language lessons. He tried to speak French when he was out, but at home he still spoke English. Alan is dealing with acculturation through _____.
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integration
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The _____ reacts when the human body is subjected to stress.
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sympathetic nervous system
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According to the SRRS, _____ is rated highest in life changing units.
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death of a spouse
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The bulk of stress we experience daily comes from little frustrations, irritations, and minor disagreements called _____.
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hassels
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Religion can provide _____ that can help people feel better about shortcomings, weaknesses, or failures.
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rites and rituals
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Joe is stuck in rush hour traffic in pouring rain on a Friday night. Then his car breaks down and he has to wait for a tow truck for two hours, causing him to miss going out to dinner with his friends. This type of stressor is an example of _____.
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external frustration
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The less control a person has, the _____.
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more stress he or she may experience
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After death of a spouse, _____ ranks highest on the SRRS.
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divorce
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According to Richard Lazarus, the cognitive-mediational theory suggests that _____.
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the way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes
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According the the general adaptation syndrome, when a person's resources are gone _____.
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exhaustion occurs
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The stress that promotes health and well-being is called _____.
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eustress
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When white blood cells encounter an infection in the body, they create chemicals and enzymes that activate receptor sites on the _____ that then signals the brain that the body is sick.
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vagus nerve
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The adjustment to _____ caused by a stressor is the core of stress, according to Holmes and Rahe.
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changes
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_____ is ranked low on the CUSS.
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peer pressure
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According to the cognitive-mediational theory, the step during which a stressor is appraised and assessed as a threat it the _____.
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primary appraisal
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According to Sternberg's theory, romantic love consists of _____.
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passion and intimacy
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In the Lantane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were more likely to report the smoke when _____.
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they were the only ones in the room
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As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings, and thoughts are often guided by _____.
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social influence
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In many non-Western cultures, parents and matchmakers, rather than the couple themselves, choose mates based on the couple's degree of _____.
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compatibility
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The rules of attraction include _____.
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similarity
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_____ is the process of explaining one's own or another person's behavior.
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attribution
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The "us" versus "them" mentality and the competition between these groups over common resources is part of the _____.
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realistic conflict theory
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Sheri's coworker, Stephanie, is extremely scared of spiders and screams every time she sees one. After a few weeks of working closely with Stephanie, Sheri is scared of spiders too. This is _____.
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vicarious conditioning
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When all three of Sternberg's components of love are present, the couple has achieved _____.
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consummate love
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Stanley Milgram set out to learn _____.
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how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure
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In order to teach her students about _____, Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color.
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discrimination
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The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when the situation is _____.
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ambiguous
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Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belied is based on _____.
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implicit personality theory
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According to Freud, unresolved conflicts can cause _____ in a certain stage of development.
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fixation
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According to Rotter, the key factors influencing a person's decision to act in a certain way in a particular circumstance are reinforcement value and _____.
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expectancy
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If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, the test has _____.
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validity
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Cattell would call shyness a _____.
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surface trait
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Jung called the dark side of personality the _____.
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shadow
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Rotter's social learning theory is based on the principle that _____.
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people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment
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In Roger's view, problems arise when _____.
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the ideal self is impossible to attain
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Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory is based on ______.
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extensive research, such as the Bobo doll study
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The acronym _____ can be used to remember the core trait dimensions of the Big-Five trait approach.
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OCEAN (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism)
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Trait theorists would most likely use personality inventories for personality assessment, such as the _____.
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California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
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Jim is unconsciously attracted to Max but outwardly voices an extreme hatred for homosexuals. Jim is exhibiting the defense mechanism of _____.
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reaction formation
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When psychological professionals do a personality assessment, they _____.
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often look at the client's behavior from all four perspectives to find the pieces of each that work for the client
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Bandura defined _____ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.
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self-efficacy
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The environment, personal characteristics, and the behavior itself are the three factors in _____ that interact to determine future behavior.
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reciprocal determinism
