Psychology Test 4 Answers – Flashcards
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The SAT and the GRE are examples of
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aptitude tests
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Sternberg suggests that there are ______ intelligences and his theory is known as the _______________.
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3; triarchic theory
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Intelligence tests administered to 5-year-olds are
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are predictive of later school achievement
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Aidan is a bright young man, who scored very high on both the Critical Reading and Mathematics Sections of the SAT. He is an excellent map-reader and his reasoning abilities are fantastic. According to Spearman, what is likely underlying these abilities?
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general intelligence "g" factor
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Sandra has been told that her infant has an extra chromosome 21 in his genetic makeup. This suggests that the infant will:
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will suffer from Down syndrome
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_______________ is assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer.
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Analytical intelligence
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Which procedure is used to identify the different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores?
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factor analysis
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Dr. James has decided that his 50th birthday would be the perfect time to begin writing an Introductory Psychology textbook. This would be a good time for Dr. James to do this, as he has accumulated years of knowledge about psychology. It would be a demonstration of his:
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crystallized intelligence
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Although Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her anger and responds to her sister's frustration with empathy. Her behavior best illustrates:
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emotional intelligence
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On the original Stanford-Binet, an 8-year-old who responded with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of:
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125
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According to Spearman, ______________ underlies specific mental abilities, such that it is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
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general intelligence
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Which of the following is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test? a) factor analysis b) regression towards the mean c) correlational analysis d) standard deviation
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factor analysis
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___________ is the extent to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure.
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Validity
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An _____________ measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas an _____________ measures what a person has already learned.
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aptitude test; achievement test
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The first modern test of intelligence was developed in:
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France
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7-year-old Jarrod is in the second grade. He is quite bright and can do the work of a 9-year-old child in the fourth grade. If Jarrod were to take Binet's original intelligence test, he would likely have:
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the mental age of 9
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Your professor hands out the examination for which the syllabus had said the exam would be on chapters 11 and 12. You are shocked to see that the exam is covering chapters 13 and 14 instead. Your examination clearly lacks:
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validity
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As adopted children get older, their intelligence scores:
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become MORE like their biological parents
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Your brother is considering adopting an infant from an orphanage that has a reputation for minimal child-caregiver interaction. A 1-year-old boy is available for adoption, but he is passive and not speaking yet. What advice would you give your brother?
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Provided with responsive caregiving, the chances are good that the boy will learn to talk
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Identical twins reared together have intelligence test scores that are:
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virtually as similar as those of a single person taking the same test twice.
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By praising their employees' positive behaviors, managers often encourage their workers to continue laboring productively. This best illustrates the value of
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reinforcement
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After discovering that their company's best software developers are highly analytical, personnel psychologists focused their employment ads for additional software developers less on applicants' experience and more on their ability to engage in logical problem solving. This best illustrates their commitment to
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a strengths-based selection system
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As a business manager, Julie often calls her employees' attention to their occasional mistakes while withholding praise for their many accomplishments. Julie fails to take full advantage of a basic principle of
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operant conditioning
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Leaders with a vision for goals that they clearly communicate in a way that inspires their group to follow them are said to demonstrate
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charisma
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Those who view their work as a necessary but personally unfulfilling way to make money are said to view work as a
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job
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Unstructured interviews provide a ________ predictor of on-the-job performance than aptitude tests and a ________ predictor of on-the-job performance than job knowledge tests.
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worse; worse
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Human factors psychologists would be most likely to aid in the design of
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computer keyboards
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Those who view their work as a career are especially likely to be concerned about opportunities for
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increasingly better employment positions
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Engaged employees are likely to
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know what is expected of them at their workplace
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Julia is a highly skilled professional violinist. She often becomes so focused and energized by her challenging practice sessions that they last hours longer than she had planned. Her experience best illustrates the concept of
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flow
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In the original Milgram obedience experiment, men aged 20 to 50 had complied fully ________ percent of the time.
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63
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The fundamental attribution error is more common in ___________ than it is in ___________.
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individualistic Western countries; East Asian cultures
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In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was __________ the experimenter and __________ the "learner."
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close to; far from
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According to the ______________, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
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attribution theory
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In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family, simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of:
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normative social influence
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_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____________ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.
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Normative social influence; informational social influence
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Your friend yells at you for being 5 minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe your friend is a rude jerk, you decide that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Thus, her behavior is the result of:
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a situational attribution
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_____________ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
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Informational social influence
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In Asch conformity experiments, researchers find that conformity to the group increases when: a) One is made to feel insecure. b) One admires the group's status. c) The group is unanimous. d) All of these things will increase conformity to the group
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D
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Dr. Cheng studies social influence. He is concerned because he is finding that the rates of conformity in his experiments are much higher than those reported by his cousin, another social influence researcher. Which of the following reasons might account for this difference?
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Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that honors group standards, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism.
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The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by
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Lewis Terman
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In his study of children with high intelligence scores, Terman found that
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the children were healthy, well-adjusted, and did well academically
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_____________ refers to a condition of limited mental ability, which is indicated by an intelligence test score at or below _____, as well as difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living.
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Intellectual disability; 70
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As adults age, they show the greatest declines in:
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fluid intelligence and in the memory needed to recall recently presented information
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Intelligence can be defined as a mental quality that consists of: a) The ability to learn from experience. b) The ability to solve problems. c) The ability to use knowledge to adapt to new situations. d) All of these mental qualities define intelligence
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D
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Alessa achieved an intelligence test score of 100 on a current version of the Stanford-Binet test. This indicates that relative to other adults her age:
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her intellectual abilities are average
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In Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's character performs mind-boggling feats of mathematical calculations, yet cannot perform the simplest of tasks such as determining how much change he would receive when buying a candy bar. This illustrates
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savant syndrome
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____________ is to a multiple-choice test in a U.S. history class as ____________ is to the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT).
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Achievement; aptitude
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Richard learned at an early age how to sell numerous items ranging from chocolate to small electronics. Many say his best education came from the streets he grew up on. This best illustrates
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practical intelligence.
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________________ represents a person's accumulated knowledge (as reflected in vocabulary and analogies tests) and increases up to old age.
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Crystallized intelligence
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Dr. Ghauderta has designed a new intelligence test for adolescents. He evaluated the test among various groups including white, black, Asian, and Hispanic populations in order to appropriately norm his scale. When the test is released and administered to other adolescents in the general population we will have _________________ scores to compare our test subjects to.
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standardized
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The original intelligence test developed by Binet and Simon set out to measure performance in _____________, which refers to the chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
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mental age
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The American revision of Binet's original intelligence test was called:
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the Stanford-Binet
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_______________ refers to our ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use our emotions.
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Emotional intelligence
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Which of the following is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test?
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factor analysis
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Zelda was adopted when she was an infant. Her adoptive parents' intelligence test scores are in the average range. Her biological parents, on the other hand, have test scores well above average. When Zelda is 30, what can we predict about her performance on an intelligence test?
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It will be more similar to her biological parent's test scores
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Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of:
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stereotype threat
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Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ____________ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult ____________ test.
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math problem solving; verbal fluency
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A group-oriented manager who mediates conflicts and builds effective teamwork demonstrates
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social leadership
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A business setting in which workers have regular opportunities to do what they do best and perceive that they are part of something significant is one that promotes
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employee engagement
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Which profession is most directly involved in the application of psychology's principles to the workplace?
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industrial-organizational psychology
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After studying artists who would spend hour after hour painting or sculpting with enormous concentration, Csikszentmihalyi formulated the concept of
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flow
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If interviewers instantly like a job applicant because of his or her good looks, they may judge the person's complimentary remarks as indicating "polite manners" rather than "manipulative flattery." This best illustrates the impact of ________ on the interpretation of interviewees' responses.
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interviewers' preconceptions
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Motivating workers to identify with and commit themselves to a group mission best illustrates
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transformational leadership.
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Organizational psychologists are most likely to be involved in
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modifying work environments to improve employee engagement.
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Flow is characterized by a ________ awareness of self and a ________ awareness of the passing of time.
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diminished; diminished
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Effectively designing physical environments—such as the layout of a kitchen in a way that maximizes safe and efficient meal preparation—is of special interest to
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human factors psychologists.
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Personnel selection research indicates that for all but less-skilled jobs, the quality of a job applicant's on-the-job performance is best predicted by the applicant's
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general mental ability
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_________________ psychologists explore how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Social
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The fundamental attribution error involves
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underestimating situational influences on another's behavior.
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The tendency for the observer, when analyzing others, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, is known as:
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the fundamental attribution error
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_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
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Normative social influence
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Researchers find that conformity to the group increases when all of the following occur EXCEPT
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one is made to feel secure
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People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain
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the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation
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In a follow-up obedience experiment, Milgram used 40 new teachers to determine whether participants obeyed because the learners' protests were not convincing. Once again, the new teachers complied fully ________ percent of the time.
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65
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This afternoon, your boss wants to meet with you. You are sure it is about the customers who complained about you yesterday. The best-case scenario would be for your boss to decide that your behavior was the result of:
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a situational attribution
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Juan's friends ask him to participate in some activities. He feels pressure to join them, even though the adventures might not be in his best interest. Which of the following reasons might be strengthening Juan's conformity to the group? a) His friends make him feel incompetent sometimes. b) He admires the group's status. c) His culture strongly encourages respect for social standards. d) All of these things are contributing to Juan's desire to conform to the group.
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ALL
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While you disagree with your boss, you laugh at the joke anyway to gain her approval. Your behavior illustrates:
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normative social influence.
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The SAT and the GRE are examples of:
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aptitude tests.
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Identical twins Skyler and Sloane live with their biological parents. Sklyer took an intelligence test when he was 9 years old and got a score of 100. Sloane took the same test. What would you predict Sloane's score to be?
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very close to 100
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Alex is a company manager who dictates workplace rules and task assignments without giving employees much opportunity to voice their task preferences or workplace concerns. Alex best illustrates
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a directive leadership style
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If given a chance to express their own opinions during a decision-making process, people will respond more positively to the decision. This illustrates
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a voice effect
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Dr. Thompson is involved in scripting interview questions that will effectively predict job applicants' success in specific work positions. Her work best illustrates that of a(n) ________ psychologist.
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personnel
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Full and clear communication regarding Kelsey's effectiveness as a customer service manager is enhanced by the performance appraisals she periodically receives from fellow managers, subordinates, customers, and her supervisor. This best illustrates the value of
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360-degree feedback
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Women are more likely than men to exhibit the qualities associated with
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transformational leadership
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Effective managers often demonstrate ________ levels of task leadership and ________ levels of social leadership.
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high; high
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Managers who excel at task leadership typically
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use a directive style.
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Human factors psychologists are most likely to be involved in
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exploring how machines can be optimally designed to fit human abilities.
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Mr. Walters has many years of experience as a personnel officer for a large corporation. He does not review most job applicants' reference files because he is confident of his ability to predict their future work performance based on his direct face-to-face conversations with them. Mr. Walters' confidence best illustrates
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the interviewer illusion
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When meeting job applicants, employers often discount the influence of varying situations on applicants' behaviors and presume that what they observe applicants do and say reflects the applicants' enduring personality traits. This most clearly contributes to
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the interviewer illusion.
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You stop for a cup of coffee and the waitress yells at you when you sit at a table that has not been cleared. You are convinced that she should find another line of work—one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, you disregard the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. You have just fallen prey to:
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the fundamental attribution error
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As you are driving to campus one day another car cuts you off and speeds ahead. Immediately you yell out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Your judgment best illustrates:
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the fundamental attribution error.She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university
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Marilyn thinks strict class attendance policy is an indication of her professor's overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions (the course meets only once a week). Her judgment best illustrates:
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the fundamental attribution error
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When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting:
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conformity
