question

Social influence theory

answer

Theory that suggests that hypnosis involves inducing someone to enact the role of a hypnotic subject

question

Release of certain neurotransmitters

answer

Research by kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with :

question

Sensory restriction is much more likely to hinder visual development in early infancy than during other times of life. This suggest that there is a(n) __________ for normal visual development.

answer

Critical period

question

Lab games reveal that people's desire to punish wrong doings is driven mostly by automatic emotional reactions rather than by deliberate conscious calculations that punishment will better crime. This supports the

answer

Intuitionist perspective

question

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

answer

Selective attention

question

Specialty area that focuses on the connections between brain activity and mental processes

answer

Cognitive neuroscience

question

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a

answer

Specified number of responses have been made

question

We are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else which shows

answer

Self reference effect

question

Cortex areas surrounding the hippocampus and supporting the processing and storing of explicit memories are located in

answer

Temporal lobe

question

Since 1960 psychology has regained an interest in conciseness as psychologists of all persuasions affirmed the importance of

answer

Cognition

question

Jordan is frightened by the sound of s train whistle. The sound is a(n)

answer

Stimulus

question

Mrs Roberts who suffers with AIDS has been given an ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Onside ring her specific medical condition, it is likely that she has received

answer

Marijuana

question

Compared with females, males use conversation to

answer

Communicate solutions

question

To identity which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would most likely make use of

answer

fMRI

question

Ebbinghaus found that memorizing familiar words required much less effort than memorizing nonsense syllables. This illustrates the advantage of

answer

Semantic processing

question

Research on susceptibility to hypnosis indicates that

answer

People who are highly responsive to hypnotic suggestion tend to become absorbed in imaginative activities

question

Physical pain and intense cravings indicate

answer

Physical dependence

question

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the surface of the brain

answer

EEG

question

Neural center in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage

answer

Hippocampus

question

Organization of info into meaningful units

answer

Chunking

question

Stress hormones provoke this to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basil ganglia

answer

Amygdala

question

Some info in our fleeting __________ is encoded into short term memory

answer

Sensory memory

question

Process of forming new neurons within the brain

answer

Neurogenesis

question

The use of barbiturates ______ anxiety and ________ nervous system activity

answer

Decreases; decreases

question

According to Piaget accommodation refers to

answer

Adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences

question

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do

answer

Overconfidence

question

After an experiment participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced

answer

Debriefing

question

When pregnant rats drink alcohol. Their young offspring later display

answer

Liking for the taste and odor of alcohol

question

Your activated but limited capacity memory is called ______ memory

answer

Short term

question

Which psychologist are most likely to be involved in basic research

answer

Community psychologist

question

Mr lambert refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr lambert reading best illustrates kholbergs _________ stage

answer

Postconventional

question

Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at the time of retrieval and encoding are the same.

answer

Context dependent memory

question

Shortly after hearing a list of items people tend to recall the last items of the list especially quickly and accurately

answer

Recency effect

question

There is very little relationship between the age of an adult and his or her

answer

Level of life satisfaction

question

In a clinical trial of a brain computer interface with paralyzed humans a 25 year old man constructed shapes on a computer screen by activating neurons in his

answer

Motor cortex

question

In pavlovs experiment, the taste of food triggered the dogs salvation. Salvation to the taste of food was an

answer

Unconditioned response

question

Discovering and promoting humans strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of

answer

Positive psychology

question

Those whose corpus callosum is surgically severed are said to be patients with

answer

Split brains

question

Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations

answer

Sympathetic nervous system

question

Associating carrots with a mental image of a bun, milk with a mental image of a shoe, illustrate

answer

The peg word system

question

The process of imprinting involves the formation of a(n)

answer

Attachment

question

Lopez be,Ives that severe depression results primarily from and imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Lopez favors a ______ perspective on depression.

answer

Neuroscience

question

By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine ______ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite

answer

Nicotine

question

In an experiment, participants primed with words related to _____ were less likely to help another person who asked for their help

answer

Money

question

Research on memory constructions indicates that

answer

False memories of imagined events are often recalled at something that really happened

question

Hypnosis involves a state of

answer

Heightened openness to suggestion

question

The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object

answer

Closure

question

Which theory predicts when we will first notice a faint stimulus presented amid competing background stimulation

answer

Signal detection theory

question

Surgical destruction of brain tissue

answer

Lesion

question

Research on sleep patterns indicates

answer

Sleep patterns may be genetically influenced

question

Kholberg focused on the development of

answer

Moral reasoning

question

Suppose people that watch violent tv are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because

answer

Association does not prove causation

question

Surface of the basilar membrane is lined with

answer

Hair cells

question

Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness

answer

Effortful processing

question

Cross cultural research on human development indicates that

answer

Person to person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups

question

Focus on the kinks between brain activity and behavior is most characteristic of psychologists who work from a ____ perspective

answer

Biological

question

Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not effect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that the neurons reaction is

answer

An all or none response

question

Memory reconsolidation involves the modification of stored memories during the process of

answer

Retrieval

question

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles which illustrates

answer

Generalization

question

What's true of those assigned to a control group

answer

The experimental treatment is absent

question

The heart begins to beat during the _______ period of parental development

answer

Embryonic

question

A baby could roll over at three months, crawl at 6, walk at 12. This ordered sequence of motored development was largely due to

answer

Maturation

question

The nature nurture issue refers to the debate over relative contributions that ______ make to the development of psychologist traits.

answer

Genes and experience

question

Persistent exclusion from peer social relationships is most likely to increase teens risk for

answer

Depression

question

Researchers discovered that the midlife transition between early and middle adulthood is NOTcharacterized by unusually high levels of

answer

Job satisfaction, career change, divorce, anxiety

question

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug I order to feel its effects is an indication of

answer

Tolerance

question

The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the _____ stage of development

answer

Formal operational

question

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember info depends on

answer

How long ago we learned that info

question

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food, the tone is

answer

Conditioned stimulus

question

Stimulus that requires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is a

answer

Conditioned reinforcer

question

Human sperm cell contains

answer

23 chromosomes

question

Without conscious reflection people often yawn when they see others yawn. Researchers are now considering wether this can be attributed to

answer

Mirror neuron activity

question

Although phrenology incorrectly suggested that bumps on the skull revealed a persons character traits, it did succeed on focusing attention on

answer

Localization of function

question

Memories are primed by

answer

Retrieval cues

question

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with

answer

Autism

question

Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the

answer

Axon

question

Genital arousal is most likely associated with

answer

REM sleep

question

Alex learned to take care of kids by observing the way his mother nurtured his siblings. This shows the values of observational learning for promoting

answer

Pro social behavior

question

Sigmund freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves

answer

Retrieval failure

question

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry

answer

Curiosity, skepticism, and humility

question

To decide wether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, you should determine the _______ of the observed differences

answer

Statistical significance

question

Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections indicates that

answer

It is surprisingly difficult for children and pro interviewers to reliably seperate the children's true memories from the false memories

question

Learning

answer

Acquiring new info

question

Body structures that enable reproduction are the

answer

Primary sex characteristics

question

Mean of a distribution of scores is

answer

Average of all the scores

question

Consciousness is

answer

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

question

Series of coin tosses, Sarah has correctly predicted heads or tails 7 times in a row we can conclude that Sarah's predictive accuracy is

answer

A random and coincidental occurrence

question

Babies at born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to

answer

Open the mouth to breast feed when touched on the cheek

question

Adolescence extends from

answer

Beginning of sexual maturity to independent adulthood

question

Which measure of memory is used on a test that that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions

answer

Recognition

question

Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament

answer

Ruth and Romona identical twins

question

The many professional specialties by which people support themselves and their societies best illustrate that culture enables

answer

Division of labor

question

The inability to recognize familiar faces even though one can clearly see and describe features of the faces is associated with the damage to the __________ lobes

answer

Temporal

question

The association areas are located in the

answer

All four lobes

question

An iconic memory is a ________ memory

answer

Sensory

question

A preference for our mothers voice over our fathers voice has been detected as early as

answer

The day after birth

question

The capacity of a brain area to recognize in response to damage is known as brain

answer

Plasticity

question

The classic gate control theory suggest that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the

answer

Spinal cord

question

Humans perm cells _________ than egg cells

answer

Are smaller

question

As men advance through middle adulthood they experience a gradual decline in

answer

Testosterone level, sperm count, ejaculation speed

question

Mike has suffered from substantial investment losses, mike tells his wife and she says \" I could of told you that would fail\" angrily, her comment illustrates

answer

Hindsight bias

question

Eardrum vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the

answer

Middle ear

question

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

answer

It's underlying but censored meaning

question

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50% of the time is called

answer

Absolute threshold

question

Procedural memories for well learned skills like how to ride a bike are typically _________ memories

answer

Implicit

question

The transmission and invention of dating and courtship customs best illustrate

answer

Cultural influence

question

Retinal disparity is an important cue for

answer

Perceiving distance

question

The claim that hypnotic phenomena occur outside our normal awareness is associated with the theory that hypnosis involves

answer

Dissociation

question

When the effect of one factor depends on the presence of another factor, outcomes are said to reflect

answer

An interaction

question

Aerobic exercise programs during late adulthood stimulate improvement in

answer

Memory

question

To estimate trait heritability researchers are most likely to make use of

answer

Twin studies

question

Compulsive craving and use of a drug is indication of

answer

Addiction

question

Preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated doll that an adult had just beaten on. This shows the importance of

answer

Observational learning

question

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the US is a(n) _________ memory

answer

Explicit

question

Just prior to waking jake up from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel sick when reaching for a cigarette. Jakes therapist was trying to make use of

answer

Post hypnotic suggestion

question

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us is an aspect of our

answer

Environment

question

It has been suggested that ________ are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its own mouth and when a monkey simply observes other monkeys putting peanuts into their mouths

answer

Mirror neurons

question

A correlation coefficient that expresses the weakest egret of relationship between two variables

answer

-.12 (closest to zero)

question

Retention of encoded info over time refers to

answer

Storage

question

Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called

answer

Hallucinations

question

Clinical psychologists specialize ijn

answer

Providing therapy to troubled people

question

Perspective that most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses

answer

Behavioral

question

The fovea refers to

answer

The central focal point in the retina

question

Info processing guided by higher level mental processes are called

answer

Top down processing

question

The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their

answer

Culture

question

After a week at college, sawyer has formed a mental representation of the campus and no longer gets lost. He has developed a

answer

Cognitive map

question

After learning that kicking would move a crib infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib which illustrates

answer

Context dependent memory

question

Girls typically play in _________ groups than do boys, and during their teens, girls spend ________ time with friends than do boys

answer

Smaller, more

question

The symmetrical bell shaped figure used to represent the distribution of many physical and psychological characteristics is called a

answer

Normal curve

question

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conciliatory recollections that you can do so illustrates __________ memory

answer

Implicit

question

DNA is a complex

answer

Molecule

question

When 80 year old IDA looked at one of her old wedding pictures she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture was a

answer

Retrieval cue

question

Freud called the remembered story line of a dream it's _______ content

answer

Manifest

question

A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called

answer

Insomnia

question

The amygdala consists of emotion linked neural clusters in the

answer

Limbic system

question

The difference between automatic and Effortful processing best illustrates

answer

The two racked mind

question

Among those informed that their bodies are swaying, postural sway is indicated of

answer

Hypnotic ability

question

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of

answer

Social harmony

question

Individual nerve cells increase the frequency of neural impulses in the auditory nerve by firing in rapid succession, which is said to illustrate

answer

The volley principle

question

Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by

answer

Heredity

question

Many researchers believe that adult styles of romantic love correspond with childhood patterns of

answer

Attachment

question

Dr. Birkins major research interest in the development of motor skills in children. Dr. Birkin is a ___________ psychologist

answer

Developmental

question

The basal ganglia facilitate the processing of

answer

Procedural memories

question

A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

answer

Specified time period has elapsed

question

Just after birth the newborns bear the initiation of

answer

Their mother native language

question

Part of the brain stem that helps to coordinate movements is called the

answer

Pons

question

Info is carried from the central nervous system to the bodies tissue by

answer

Motor neurons

question

When you retain a momentary mental image of something that appears on tv but then disappears quickly illustrates _________ memory

answer

Iconic

question

A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a _______ schedule

answer

Variable ratio

question

When their attention is focused on a task such as reading people are less likely to _________ than when their mind is wandering

answer

Blink their eyes

question

To asses attachment differences among infants, Mary ainsworth placed them in a lab setting called a

answer

Strange situation

question

Neural system at the border of the brain stem and the cerebral hemispheres is known as

answer

Limbic system

question

In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that

answer

Evokes a response

question

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called

answer

Sensation

question

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the

answer

Serial position effect

question

The monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as closer is

answer

Interposition

question

The cerebral cortex is the covering layer of the

answer

Cerebrum

question

Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves

answer

Evaluating evidence

question

Long term potentiation is believed to be

answer

A neural basis for learning and memory

question

A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as

answer

Sleep

question

Our sense of taste was once thought to involve only what four sensations

answer

Bitter, sweet, sour, salty

question

Efforts to discover wether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environment are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

answer

Nature and nurture

question

A full week after hearing her mother read her a list of 12 different farm animals, she is most likely to remember the animals ___________ of the list

answer

At the beginning

question

THC; the active ingredient in __________ is classified as a ___________

answer

Marijuana; hallucinogen

question

A Psychedelic drug

answer

LSD

question

Involves impairment of distress resulting from the abuse of psychoactive drugs

answer

Substance related disorder

question

Which brain structure receives info from all the Senses except smell

answer

Thalamus

question

Neurons that function within the brain and spinal cord are called

answer

Inter neurons

question

A good nights sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the

answer

Hippocampus to the cerebral cortex

question

Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definition

answer

Recognition

question

Which measure of memory retention asses the ability to draw info out of storage and into conscious awareness

answer

Recall

question

George Miller proposed that about 7 information bits constitutes the capacity of ______ memory

answer

Short term

question

Mnemonic

answer

Memory aid

question

Persistence of learning over time depends on

answer

Memory

question

Echoing memory

answer

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

question

Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning

answer

Cerebellum

question

Explicit memory is also known as

answer

Declarative memory

question

Recalling info and holding it in working memory requires that many brain regions send input to your

answer

Frontal lobes

question

This poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse

answer

Misinformation effect

question

Inability to retrieve info learned in the past is called

answer

Retrograde amnesia

question

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of

answer

Retrieval cues

question

Type of motivated forgetting

answer

Repression

question

Faulty memory for how when where info was learned is called

answer

Source amnesia

question

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ____________ will soon take place

answer

Aversion

question

Form of associative learning

answer

Classical conditioning

question

For the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented

answer

About 15 seconds before the Unconditioned stimulus

question

During extinction the _______is omitted; as a result the ________ eels to disappear

answer

Conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

question

In Watson and rayners experiment, the loud noise was the ___________ and the white rat was the _________

answer

Unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response

question

A way classical conditioning could play a role

answer

Helping drug addicts

question

What's true about reinforcement

answer

Learning is most rapid with niter mittens reinforcement, but continuous reinforcement produces the greatest resistance of extinction

question

The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a _________ schedule

answer

Variable ratio

question

A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being

answer

Positively reinforced

question

On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given for

answer

Successive approximations of a desired behavior

question

Operant conditioning is to _______; as classical conditioning is to __________

answer

Skinner ; pavlov

question

Online testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant conditioning principles of

answer

Shaping and primary reinforcement

question

Cognitive processes are more important in __________ conditioning than in classical conditioning

answer

Operant

question

In Garcia and Koellings studies of taste aversion learning, rats learned to associate

answer

Taste with sickness

question

Learning by imitating others behaviors is called ________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ________

answer

Secondary; skinner

question

Important factor in conditioning

answer

Strength of the stimuli

question

Place theory suggest that

answer

The pitch we hear is related to the place where the cochleas basilar membrane is stimulated

question

Cochlear implant converts sounds into

answer

Electrical signals

question

Ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field is called

answer

Perceptual adaptation

question

Our sense of position and movement of individual body parts is called

answer

Kinesthesis

question

Simultaneously analyzing distinct subunits of info received by different areas of the brain is called

answer

Parallel processing

question

Ewald hering found a clue to the mystery of color vision in

answer

After images

question

Loudness of sound is determined by the ________ of sound waves

answer

Amplitude

question

Process where our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called

answer

Transduction

question

Theory that emphasizes personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds

answer

Signal detection theory

question

The olfactory receptors are activated by

answer

Airborne molecules

question

Parapsychology refers to the study of

answer

Phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis

question

A type of psychologists who studies how memory changes people as they get older

answer

Developmental

question

Teratogens are

answer

chemicals and viruses that cross the placenta and may harm the developing fetus

question

Order of prenatal development

answer

Zygote, embryo, fetus

question

Stage of cognitive development that that children acquire object permanence

answer

Sensorimotor

question

Theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is

answer

Erikson

question

Whose stage theory of moral development was based on how people reasoned about ethical problems

answer

Kholberg

question

Theory that morality is rooted in moral intuitions rather than moral reasoning

answer

Jonathan haidts theory

question

According to Piaget the ability to think logically about abstract propositions is indicative of the stage of

answer

Formal operations

question

Cross sectional research compares

answer

People of different ages with one another

question

Underlying Alzheimer's disease is a deterioration in neurons that produce

answer

Acetylcholine

question

Dmitry and belyaev and lyudmila trust successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of

answer

Selective mating

question

Study of influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change is called

answer

Epigenetics

question

Evolutionary psychologists are likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human

answer

Reproductive success

question

Principle of natural selection was first advanced by

answer

Charles Darwin

question

Cultural diversity best illustrates our

answer

Adaptive capacities

question

Cluster of brain cells that control the circadian rhythm is the

answer

Suprachiasmstic nucleus

question

Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep

answer

NREM-2

question

According to Hilgard hypnosis is

answer

A dissociation between different levels of consciousness

question

Fast acting chemical messenger that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

answer

Serotonin

question

ACh is most likely to be found

answer

Between motor neurons and muscle fibers

Psychology semester 1

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