question

Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?

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Social-cultural.

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A group of experimenter want to test the effectiveness of a well-known and expensive brand of pain medication against the effectiveness of a lesser-known and cheaper brand. To prevent any expectations about brand effectiveness from influencing their experimental test, the researchers are likely to make use of _______

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The double-blind procedure.

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A correlation coefficient is a(n)

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Statistical index.

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Psychology experiments are typically designed to

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Test and evaluate theoretical principles.

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In an experimental study, men with erectile dysfunction received either Viagra or a placebo. Those who received Viagra were assigned to the ________ group.

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Experimental

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The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

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People encode, process, store and retrieve information.

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A correlation coefficient can range in value from

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-1.00 to +1.00

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The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ______ on feeling and behaviors.

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Positive expectations.

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In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the _______ variable.

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Dependent

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Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to

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Minimize any differences between groups of participants.

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In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment being tested is called the _______ group.

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Control

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Operational definitions are most likely to facilitate

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Replication

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Melinda expressed valid concerns to whether the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged people to give answers that show unusually positive levels of well-being. Melinda's concerns best illustrated

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Critical thinking

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Zuza insists that Dr. Philip's theory of aggression can be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of

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Skepticism

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Suppose that those who watch a lot of TV violence are also likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily mean that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because

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Correlation does not prove causation

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In studying the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded the behavior of men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv use?

answer

Naturalistic observation.

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Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology. For example, _______ was an American philosopher and _____ was an Austrian physician.

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William James; Sigmund Freud

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After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called

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Debriefing

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By suggesting that nurture works on what nature provides, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically endowed with a capacity for

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Learning and adaptation

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Studies conducted for the sake of building psychology's base of knowledge are most clearly examples of

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Basic research

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A testable prediction that is often implied by a theory is called a(n)

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Hypothesis

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An inactive substance may be given instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug. This substance is called a

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Placebo

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The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

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Believe that they would have foreseen the outcome of past events

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If psychologists discovered that intelligent parents have smarter children than unintelligent parents, this would demonstrate

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The intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated

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In a psychological experiment, the factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ______ variable.

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Independent.

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The pain of childbirth is most likely to be reduced by an increase in the production of

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Endorphins

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Alana suffered a brain disease that destroyed large portions of her temporal lobed. Alana is most likely to suffer from some loss of

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Auditory perception

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Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as

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Endorphins

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Terry has not had a decent night's sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly vulnerable to

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A suppressed immune system.

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In one study, while a man provides directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely pass between them carrying a door. The man does not notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during the interruption. This illustrates

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Change blindness

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The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the

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Hypothalamus

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Which of the following body parts is associated with the greatest amount of brain tissue in the somatosensory cortex?

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Lips.

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In which brain structure are nerves from the left side of the brain routed to the right side of the body?

answer

Brainstem

question

Which neural system in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?

answer

Amygdala

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Which of the following helps to restore and repair neurons following the body's production of excess free radicals?

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Sleep

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Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person

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Experiences uncontrollable attacked of overwhelming sleepiness.

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In terms of evolutionary development, the oldest regions of the brain are those that regulate

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Breathing

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Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. The best serves to support the theory that dreams

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Are triggered by random bursts of neural activity

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Researchers had students wear a sleep-motoring device overnight. Students who were most sleep deprived subsequently shows a greater incidence of ____ during a 42- minute video lecture.

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Cyberloafing

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The occipital lobes are to _______ as the temporal lobes are to ________.

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Seeing; hearing

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In the process of beginning an action potential, the threshold refers to

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A minimum intensity of excitatory stimulation exceeding inhibitory stimulation.

question

The brain and spinal cores form the

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Central nervous system.

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Neurogenesis refers to

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The formation of new neurons.

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The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in

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Young children who have suffered serious damage to a brain area.

question

In which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep?

answer

Sleep apnea

question

Seizures are likely to be associated with an

answer

Undersupply of GABA and an oversupply of glutamate.

question

The parasympathetic nervous system is a division of the ____ nervous system

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Autonomic

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Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

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Neural activation

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The master gland of the endocrine system is the

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Pituitary gland.

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The amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus are part of the

answer

Limbic system

question

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one. With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings, however, his fear of dogs has gradually faded. Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

answer

Extinction

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Through classical conditioning we learn to link

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A CS with a US

question

Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of

answer

Operant conditioning

question

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)

answer

Unconditioned stimulus

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A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of

answer

Continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement

question

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

answer

Neutral stimulus

question

The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of

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Cognitive processed

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If rats are allowed to wander through a maze, they will later run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates

answer

Latent learning

question

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of

answer

Shaping

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Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

answer

Imitation

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Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because

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The use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school

question

We've all experienced a thunderstorm, As a result, we've learned that a flash of lightning signals we'll soon hear thunder. This best illustrates

answer

Classical conditioning

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The smell of ammonia that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of

answer

Acquisition

question

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

answer

Positive reinforcer

question

Alonzo was once bitten by a stray dog. His fear of dogs seems to have disappeared, but to his surprise, a recent encounter with a stray dog made him anxious. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is one that

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Evokes no response prior to conditioning.

question

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to

answer

Perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe

question

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

answer

Increase; increase

question

Julio's mother gives him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. Julio no longer wets his bed. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

answer

Operant conditioning

question

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to

answer

The violence-viewing effect

question

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is afraid of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

answer

Generalization

question

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to

answer

Modeling

question

A type of learning in which behavior is diminished if followed by a punisher is called

answer

Operant conditioning

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Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior, and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior.

answer

Aversive; pleasant

question

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

answer

Punishment.

question

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

answer

Long-term memory

question

Mice could not learn their way out of a maze if they could not produce an enzyme needed for

answer

Long-term potentiation

question

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating

answer

Meaningful encoding

question

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of

answer

Encoding meaning

question

Memory is best defined as

answer

The persistence of learning through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

question

Memories are primed by

answer

Retrieval cues

question

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on

answer

How long ago we learned that information.

question

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.

answer

Iconic.

question

Nancy was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Nancy's poor memory is best explained in terms of

answer

Encoding failure.

question

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates use of

answer

A mnemonic technique

question

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.

answer

Flashbulb

question

The cerebellum and basal ganglia play an important role in the processing of ________ memories.

answer

Implicit

question

After learning the web address of a local retail store, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to post it in his frequent contacts file. In this case, the web address was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

answer

Short-term

question

Three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This research finding indicates that information is lost while it is

answer

In storage

question

Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially

answer

Rapid and subsequently slows down.

question

George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory.

answer

Short-term

question

To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

answer

Adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

question

Automatic processing and effortful processing refer to two types of

answer

Encoding

question

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory.

answer

Explicit

question

Annika has difficulty forming long-term memories of classroom lessons because she can't focus her attention long enough to mentally grasp what is being taught. Annika most clearly demonstrates difficulty with

answer

Encoding

question

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

answer

Encoding failure

question

The inability to form new memories is called

answer

Amnesia

question

Source amnesia helps to explain

answer

Deja vu

question

Memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.

answer

Implicit

question

Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of

answer

Priming

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