Psychology Pre-Exam #2 – Flashcards
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Drivers seldom slow down in construction zones because
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the punishment is unlikely to occur.
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The fact that taste aversions are ________ poses a problem for classical conditioning theory.
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not entirely learned
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According to Skinner, when you take an aspirin for your headache, taking the aspirin is ________ whereas the headache is ________.
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an operant; a negative reinforcer
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The most effective form of punishment usually involves
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penalties, such as loss of privileges.
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Your friend works in a lab and is paid for each blood smear analyzed. Your friend is operating on which schedule of reinforcement?
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fixed ratio
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Your professor likes to give pop quizzes in your psychology class, thus she is promoting the ________ schedule of reinforcement.
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variable interval
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The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with
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long-term potentiation.
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The key difference between the two main forms of schedules of reinforcement is whether
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reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses.
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B.F. Skinner was a radical behaviorist who refused to
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speculate about what happens inside an organism.
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Which of the following would NOT be an example of learning? a. A newborn infant sucks on a nipple filled with milk. b. A teenager falls asleep after staying awake for 96 hours. c. A rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. d. You wince when you see a long needle similar to the one that hurt you during a drug injection last week. e. A and B are correct.
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e. A and B are correct.
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Jane's dog will listen to her commands but ignores her sister's commands. Jane's dog would be demonstrating
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stimulus discrimination.
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Gina walks into her psychology class on the first day, and she sits next to Roger. She thinks his looks are decent, but by the end of the semester she finds him to be quite attractive due to
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the mere exposure effect.
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Thorndike's idea that responses that brought about positive outcomes would likely be repeated is called
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the law of effect.
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Which of the following is NOT a key difference between operant and classical conditioning?
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whether they attempt to explain how learning occurs
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The longest interval between the CS and UCS is required for classical conditioning of
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conditioned fear.
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The best way to ensure that your son will continue to clean his room once he has started doing it is to
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reward him some, but not all, of the times he cleans his room.
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In the Pavlov study, the salivation to the tone represents the _____________________ after conditioning.
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conditioned response (CR)
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________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors.
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Rewards and punishments
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Insight learning involves
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the perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships.
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Negative reinforcement involves
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the removal of an aversive stimulus.
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Studies of observational learning demonstrate that
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learning can occur in the absence of personal experience.
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As discrimination tasks with unpleasant stimuli become increasingly more difficult we can expect
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agitation due to experimental neurosis.
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Positive reinforcers ________ the likelihood of ensuing responses.
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increase
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Damage to neurons within the ________ that use the transmitter ________ would be expected to diminish the experience of reward.
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limbic system; dopamine
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The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires
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no learning.
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________ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently?
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Bandura
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Which of these punishments is LEAST likely to be effective?
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Brandon's parents call him a liar when he is dishonest.
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An eye blink is an example of
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a reflex.
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________ is a procedure for changing behavior by reinforcing responses that approach the desired goal.
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Shaping
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Which of the following is NOT an example of an operant?
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A dog salivates after seeing a bowl of meat.
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During summer camp, campers get a sticker each time they demonstrate good sportsmanship. When they have earned 10 stickers, they may select a candy bar. This represents an example of
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a token economy.
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If you salivate to the smell of a hamburger and fries, learning theory would suggest that you have formed an association based on
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classical conditioning.
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In terms of the equity of punishment,
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schools more often use punishment to control members of racial minority groups.
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The Premack principle states that
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a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one.
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The two main types of behavioral learning are
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classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
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A(n) ________ refers to the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
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unconditioned response
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