question

Which of the following is an example of a rewarding consequence?a. food b. high grades c. praise d. money e. all of the above are correct

answer

e. all of the above are correct

question

Discrimination learning is to generalization as

answer

stop is to go.

question

Which of the following is true of the difference between operant and classical conditioning?

answer

Food is presented before the response in classical conditioning.

question

For Little Albert, his fear of ________ was interpreted as an instance of ________.

answer

a white laboratory rat; conditioned fear

question

Drivers seldom slow down in construction zones because

answer

the punishment is unlikely to occur.

question

The fact that taste aversions are ________ poses a problem for classical conditioning theory.

answer

not entirely learned

question

According to Skinner, when you take an aspirin for your headache, taking the aspirin is ________ whereas the headache is ________.

answer

an operant; a negative reinforcer

question

The most effective form of punishment usually involves

answer

penalties, such as loss of privileges.

question

Your friend works in a lab and is paid for each blood smear analyzed. Your friend is operating on which schedule of reinforcement?

answer

fixed ratio

question

Your professor likes to give pop quizzes in your psychology class, thus she is promoting the ________ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

variable interval

question

The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with

answer

long-term potentiation.

question

The key difference between the two main forms of schedules of reinforcement is whether

answer

reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses.

question

B.F. Skinner was a radical behaviorist who refused to

answer

speculate about what happens inside an organism.

question

Which of the following would NOT be an example of learning? a. A newborn infant sucks on a nipple filled with milk. b. A teenager falls asleep after staying awake for 96 hours. c. A rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. d. You wince when you see a long needle similar to the one that hurt you during a drug injection last week. e. A and B are correct.

answer

e. A and B are correct.

question

Jane's dog will listen to her commands but ignores her sister's commands. Jane's dog would be demonstrating

answer

stimulus discrimination.

question

Gina walks into her psychology class on the first day, and she sits next to Roger. She thinks his looks are decent, but by the end of the semester she finds him to be quite attractive due to

answer

the mere exposure effect.

question

Thorndike's idea that responses that brought about positive outcomes would likely be repeated is called

answer

the law of effect.

question

Which of the following is NOT a key difference between operant and classical conditioning?

answer

whether they attempt to explain how learning occurs

question

The longest interval between the CS and UCS is required for classical conditioning of

answer

conditioned fear.

question

The best way to ensure that your son will continue to clean his room once he has started doing it is to

answer

reward him some, but not all, of the times he cleans his room.

question

In the Pavlov study, the salivation to the tone represents the _____________________ after conditioning.

answer

conditioned response (CR)

question

________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors.

answer

Rewards and punishments

question

Insight learning involves

answer

the perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships.

question

Negative reinforcement involves

answer

the removal of an aversive stimulus.

question

Studies of observational learning demonstrate that

answer

learning can occur in the absence of personal experience.

question

As discrimination tasks with unpleasant stimuli become increasingly more difficult we can expect

answer

agitation due to experimental neurosis.

question

Positive reinforcers ________ the likelihood of ensuing responses.

answer

increase

question

Damage to neurons within the ________ that use the transmitter ________ would be expected to diminish the experience of reward.

answer

limbic system; dopamine

question

The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires

answer

no learning.

question

________ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently?

answer

Bandura

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Which of these punishments is LEAST likely to be effective?

answer

Brandon's parents call him a liar when he is dishonest.

question

An eye blink is an example of

answer

a reflex.

question

________ is a procedure for changing behavior by reinforcing responses that approach the desired goal.

answer

Shaping

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of an operant?

answer

A dog salivates after seeing a bowl of meat.

question

During summer camp, campers get a sticker each time they demonstrate good sportsmanship. When they have earned 10 stickers, they may select a candy bar. This represents an example of

answer

a token economy.

question

If you salivate to the smell of a hamburger and fries, learning theory would suggest that you have formed an association based on

answer

classical conditioning.

question

In terms of the equity of punishment,

answer

schools more often use punishment to control members of racial minority groups.

question

The Premack principle states that

answer

a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one.

question

The two main types of behavioral learning are

answer

classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

question

A(n) ________ refers to the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

answer

unconditioned response

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