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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. (Thoughts/ Thinking)

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Psychology

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observable and measurable actions of people and animals.

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Behavior

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theoretical entity or concept that would enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly.

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Psychological Construct

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research that is conducted for its own sake, that is, without seeking a solution to a specific problem.

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Basic Research

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the school/branch of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perception into meaningful wholes. is based on the idea that perceptions are more than the sum of its parts. They are wholes that give shape and meaning to the parts.

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Gestalt Psychology

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the theory of focusing on the evolution of behavior and mental processes.

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Evolutionary perspective

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the viewpoint that emphasizes the role of thought processes in determining behavior. ___________________ psychologists study the mind and how we process information.

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Cognitive perspective

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believes that human beings are basically good. It emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices. It maintains that people's personal experiences are the most important aspect of psychology. We are free to choose our own behavior.

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Humanistic Perspective

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the view that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior. During the 1940's and 1950's, this theory dominated psychotherapy and significantly influenced the field of psychology. However, the focus of psychology today is more on conscious choice and self-direction as opposed to the unconscious.

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Psychoanalytic Perspective

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the psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior. _____________ psychologists are interested in the influences of hormones and genes on our behavior and well-being.

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Biological perspective

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focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior and mental processes.

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Sociocultural perspective

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a group united by cultural heritage, race, language or common history.

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Ethnic group

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the theory that most of what fills a person's mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes.

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Psychodynamic thinking

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a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation.

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Taste Aversion

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Harvard University professor, he wrote the first modern psychology textbook--called The Principles of Psychology. He believed that the proper emphasis of psychology should be on how the human mind functions in helping us to adapt to our environment. Due to the importance _______ placed on how our minds function, his approach to psychology became known as functionalism. _____stated that if we believe in the possibility of a future event taking place, this belief increases our power to help make the event happen when the time comes for action.

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William James

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An american psychologist who became a leader of revolutionary movement in psychology called behaviorism. Behaviorism is the school of psychology, founded by ____________, that defines psychology as the scientific study of human behavior. Behaviorism focuses on overt behavior and is based on the belief that our personalities are determined by rewards and punishments. From infancy on, our behavior is influenced by the rewards and punishment that have made us who we are. As the founder of the school of behaviorism. ________ defined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior.

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John Watson

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established the first psychological laboratory in 1879. This was the Birth of Modern Psychology. Because ______ studied the structure of human consciousness, his approach to psychology became known as structuralism. ___________ is known as The Father of Modern Psychology.

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Wilhelm Wundt

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was an Austrian physician who revolutionized ideas concerning how the human mind works. He is the most well-known of the early psychologists/psychiatrists. As he had a MD, ______ was a psychiatrist. He founded the school of thought called psychoanalysis. (unconscious)

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Sigmund Freud

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Russian physiologist who first described the phenomenon of conditioning in experiments he conducted with dogs. Originally, Pavlov did not set out to learn about learning. He was actually interested in the relationship between the nervous system and digestion. Specifically, he was studying salivation in dogs. He is primarily known for the development of the concept of conditioned reflex or conditioned response.

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Ivan Pavlov

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Another Harvard Psychologist who put forth the concept of reinforcement. Reinforcement-a stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response. Skinner pointed out that when an animal is positively reinforced for performing an action, he/she is more likely to perform that action again in the future. People learn in very similar ways that animals do. Like animals, people behave in certain ways b/c they have been positively reinforced for doing so.

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B. F. Skinner

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well known for his books "Walden Two" and "Beyond Freedom and Dignity." restriction of certain individual freedoms which hinder the development of the ideally planned society.

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B. F. Skinner

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maintains that we acquire knowledge and skills by observing and imitating others. This is called observational learning. Children learn to speak, eat, and play at least partly by observing their parents and others do these things.

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Albert Bandura

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His experiment with monkeys and his use of surrogate mothers with the monkeys demonstrated that importance of contact comfort--the comfort an infant (newborn monkey) receives by being touched. _____ research demonstrated that maternal love and close social contact is necessary at an early age for the normal development of behavior to take place in the young monkey.

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Harry Harlow

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stimuli that increase the probability of a response because of their association with a primary reinforcer. Example: attention, social approval, and money

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Secondary Reinforcers

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learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement. Ex: studying leads to good grades. good grades is positive. Not study leads to bad grades

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Operant Conditioning

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a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response when that neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that normally causes an unconditioned response. Example: Pavlov's Experiments with Dogs: Pavlov's Dogs-->Stimulus-->Response Stimulus: food Response: Salivation Pavlov's Dogs-->Stimulus-->Response Stimulus: Bell Response: Salivation

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Classical Conditioning

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned, naturally occurring response.

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Unconditioned stimulus

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in classical conditioning, an unlearned response.

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Unconditioned response

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a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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Conditioned Response

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a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response.

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Conditioned Stimulus

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in classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus. Behavior (s) Negative Behavior: (examples) 1. Drugs 2. Talking back or being insolence 3. Alcohol 4. Smoking Cigarettes (want behavior like these to disappear)

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Extinction

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a therapy procedure based on classical conditioning that replaces a negative response to a stimulus with a positive response. Example: Pg. 135 Peter and the Rabbits

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Counterconditioning

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a stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the frequency of that response. Ex: bring in a puppy?

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Reinforcement

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stimuli, such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement value without learning. Example: food, water, warmth/ AC

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Primary Reinforcers

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learning that occurs but remains hidden until there is a need to use it. Ex: Grade School 1. principals office 2. 8th grade classrooms 3. Cafeteria

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Latent Learning

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learning by observing and imitating others. Ex: Albert Bandura You will learn what is and what is not appropriate behavior in a college classroom.

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Observational learning

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A memory that consists of skills and procedures one has learned that are retrieved without conscious recollection. Example: chewing gum, walking, and talking at the same time Keyboarding Tying your shoes Driving Writing Reading Buttoning a blouse and talking

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Implicit Memory

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The inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years. (Before age 3.)

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Infantile Amnesia

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The inability to form NEW memories due to brain trauma.

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Anterograde Amnesia

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The failure to remember events prior (before) the physical trauma - because of the effects of the trauma.

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Retrograde Amnesia

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Clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events. Example: Winning an important/championship game for a team. (positive experience: (+) HS-Graduation (+) College-Graduation (+) Masters-PHD., Dr., or Lawyer (+) First Love (+) (-) Death of a loved one

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Flashbulb Memories

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Another Method of Storage Being: A memory device that creates a meaningful link between new information and information already known. Example: English teachers and foreign language teachers urge their students to use this method when they ask their students to use the new vocab words in sentences rather than to memorize definitions.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

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memory of a specific information one must consciously retrieve and declare. Examples: Quizzes ->Tests->Exams

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Explicit Memory

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One Method of Storage is: The repetition of new information in an attempt to keep from forgetting it. The more we rehearse (go over) the information, the longer we will remember it. Actors know this very well!!

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Maintenance Rehearsal

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a mental process for organizing information into meaningful units. Example: OTTFFSSENT

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Chunking

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the process that occurs when new information appears in short term memory and replaces what was already there. Example: There is only X AMOUNT (a certain amount) of space in your brain for short term memory.

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Interference

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learning material or information a second time, usually in less time than it was originally learned. Example One: Your Mom /Dad helped you solve an algebra problem Freshman year. Example Two: 3 years ago, You took 10 guitar lessons.

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Relearning

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the translation of information into a form that can be stored in memory. It is the first process of memory. Examples: OTTFFSSENT

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Encoding

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having an equal chance of being assigned to a group involved in an experiment/research study.

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Random/Random Selection

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people respond to a series of questions about a particular subject. Examples: Presidential Election Survey and The Aeropostale Survey of Teens

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Survey Method

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several types of tests measure various elements of human behavior such as: abilities, interests, and personality. Examples: IQ tests, aptitude tests, and personality tests.

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Testing Method

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researchers conduct in-depth investigations of individuals and sometimes small group of individuals. Examples: The films "The three faces of Eve" and "Antwone Fisher." Another example: Sigmund Freud once said that he had thousands of patients. It is from these thousands of ________ that he developed psychoanalytic theory.

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Case Study Method

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researchers observe the behavior of people and/ or animals in their natural habitats

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Naturalistic Observation Method

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rules and standards for proper and responsible behavior.

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Ethics

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a group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time.

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Longitudinal Method

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researchers compare and contrast the similarities and differences among people in different age groups over time.

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Cross Sectional Method

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Participants are observed in a laboratory setting.

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Laboratory Observation Method

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factors that are measured or controlled in a scientific study.

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variables

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the factor that is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on another variable.

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Independent variable

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the factor that is being measured and that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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Dependent variable

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those who do not receive the treatment in a research study

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Control group

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a controlled scientific procedure to determine whether certain variables manipulated by the researcher have an effect on other variables. _______ contain variables---factors that are measured or controlled in a scientific study.

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Experiment

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those who receive the treatment in a research study

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Experimental group

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learning by observing and imitating others. Ex: Albert Bandura You will learn what is and what is not appropriate behavior in a college classroom.

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Observational learning

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makes up the largest group of psychologists. They are the psychologists most of us think of when we hear the word psychologist. Possible reasons one might see a clinical psychologist are: anxiety, depression, difficulty getting over the death of a family member/loved one.

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Clinical Psychologist

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study the behavior of shoppers and work with advertisers to create interesting advertisements/ commercials---the goal of which being to sell more merchandise for a specific company.

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Consumer Psychologist

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work on course planning and/ or instructional methods for an entire school district/system.

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Educational psychologists

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are more likely to engage in basic research than other psychologists. (experiments)

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Experimental psychologists

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would be most likely to identify and help students who have a learning disability---such as dyslexia. (Padua Guidance)

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School psychologists

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has two main parts. 1. the Central Nervous System 2. the Peripheral Nervous System

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Nervous System

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the neurons that connect the Central Nervous System to the rest of the body---including the muscles and glands.

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Peripheral Nervous System

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are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.

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neurons/nerve cells

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the part of a neuron that produces the energy needed for the activity of the cell.

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Cell body

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the branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive impulses and conduct them toward the cell body.

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Dendrites

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long tube-like structures attached to a neuron that transmits impulses away from the body.

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Axons

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small fibers branching out from an axon.

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Axon terminals

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the junction or gap between the axon terminals of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron.

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synapse

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a column of nerves within the spine that transmits messages to and from the brain.

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spinal cord

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the neural center of the brain that plays a central role in our emotions such as: aggression and fear.

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amygdala

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a part of the brain involved in memory storage, it does not fully mature until we are three years of age. The fact that this is so supports the concept of infantile amnesia which is the inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years---before the age of three.

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hippocampus

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the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior.

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Behaviorism

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an examination if one's own thoughts and feelings

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introspection

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the school of psychology, founded by William James, that emphasizes the purposes of behavior and mental processes

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functionalism

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the school of psychology, founded by Wilhelm Wundt, that maintains that conscious experience breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings.

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structuralism

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the branch of psychology that studies the physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle.

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developmental psychology

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the total group to be studied or described and from whom samples may be drawn.

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target population

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a survey population, selected by chance, which fairly represents the general population.

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random sample

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an agreement by an individual to participate in research after receiving information about the purpose of the study and the nature of the treatment.

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informed consent

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the relationship between variables

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Correlation

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a relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other variable increases or one variable decreases as the other variable decreases. both variables are going in the same direction

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Positive Correlation

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a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable.

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Negative Correlation

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provide a number of provisions that detail what is needed to make a study ethical.

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APA Guidelines on protecting subjects

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a partial or total loss of memory.

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Amnesia

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MD: Medical degree -prescribe medicine

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Psychiatrist

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PHD: Psychology -Can't prescribe medicine

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Psychologist

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the U.S. Supreme Court used much of his work on the effects of discrimination on the personality development of both African-American and White Children.

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Kenneth Clark

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are best directed toward behavior. Can also arise our of psychological theory. According to social learning theorists, people learn by observing others. Psychologists form this based on everyday experiences, other research studies, and common sense and folklore.

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research questions

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1. When researchers were called in by the management of ..... of the Western Electric Company in 1927, the result was that productivity increased. 2. The term .... 1refers to the impact that being a part of an experiment has on its subjects.

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the Hawthorne Plant Study

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Men have traditionally taken part in psychological studies more often than women because older studies ( from the 1950's, 1960's and the early 1970's ) drew ( selected ) subjects from the military and universities ---- both of which, at that time, were mostly men. The military , to this day, is mostly men !!

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Exploring Diversity

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