question

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate A. discrimination. B. spontaneous recovery. C. classical conditioning. D. observational learning.

answer

C. classical conditioning.

question

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. A. fixed-interval B. variable-ratio C. fixed-ratio D. variable-interval

answer

B. variable-ratio

question

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both A. positive reinforcement and punishment. B. shaping and immediate reinforcement. C. continuous reinforcement and latent learning. D. observational learning and spontaneous recovery.

answer

B. shaping and immediate reinforcement.

question

Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of A. operant conditioning. B. latent learning. C. classical conditioning. D. spontaneous recovery

answer

A. operant conditioning

question

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying A. spontaneous recovery. B. observational learning. C. operant conditioning. D. respondent behavior.

answer

C. operant conditioning.

question

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? A. observational learning B. classical conditioning C. operant conditioning D. negative reinforcement

answer

B. classical conditioning

question

To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use A. negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers. B. classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning. C. partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement. D. immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.

answer

D. immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.

question

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors. A. modeling B. generalization C. shaping D. delayed reinforcement

answer

C. shaping

question

A learned association between behaviors and resulting events is central to A. latent learning. B. intrinsic motivation. C. classical conditioning. D. operant conditioning.

answer

D. operant conditioning.

question

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called A. classical conditioning. B. partial reinforcement. C. shaping. D. cognitive learning.

answer

D. cognitive learning.

question

Some students study hard beginning with the first couple of weeks of a semester because they subsequently receive very good final course grades. This best illustrates that human behavior is influenced by A. primary reinforcers. B. latent learning. C. classical conditioning. D. delayed reinforcers.

answer

D. delayed reinforcers.

question

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. A. reinforcement; punishment B. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer C. immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer D. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

answer

D. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

question

In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________. A. CR; UR B. UR; CR C. US; CS D. CS; US

answer

D. CS; US

question

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves A. latent learning. B. partial reinforcement. C. extrinsic motivation. D. delayed reinforcers.

answer

C. extrinsic motivation.

question

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ________ schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. variable-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-interval

answer

D. variable-interval

question

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning. A. generalization B. discrimination C. shaping D. cognitive processes

answer

D. cognitive processes

question

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A. positive reinforcer. B. unconditioned stimulus. C. negative reinforcer. D. conditioned stimulus.

answer

C. negative reinforcer.

question

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of A. continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement. B. secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement. C. primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement. D. partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement.

answer

A. continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.

question

Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as A. latent learning. B. modeling. C. intrinsic motivation. D. shaping.

answer

D. shaping.

question

Primary reinforcers could best be described as A. innately satisfying stimuli. B. cognitive maps. C. conditioned stimuli. D. conditioned reinforcers.

answer

A. innately satisfying stimuli.

question

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement. A. negative B. conditioned C. intermittent D. delayed

answer

C. intermittent

question

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a A. negative punishment. B. positive reinforcement. C. positive punishment. D. negative reinforcement.

answer

A. negative punishment.

question

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________. A. US; UR B. CS; UR C. UR; CR D. CS; US

answer

D. CS; US

question

A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule. A. fixed-interval B. variable-ratio C. fixed-ratio D. variable-interval

answer

B. variable-ratio

question

Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________. A. an unconditioned response; a conditioned response B. operant conditioning; classical conditioning C. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation D. a fixed-interval schedule; a variable-interval schedule

answer

C. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

question

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? A. clapping after a thrilling concert performance B. playing jump rope C. running through a maze to get a food reward D. sweating in hot weather

answer

D. sweating in hot weather

question

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of A. spontaneous recovery. B. cognitive processes. C. conditioned reinforcers. D. respondent behavior.

answer

B. cognitive processes.

question

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called A. secondary reinforcement. B. spontaneous recovery. C. higher-order conditioning. D. generalization.

answer

B. spontaneous recovery.

question

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of A. spontaneous recovery. B. secondary reforcement. C. cognitive learning. D. extinction.

answer

D. extinction

question

We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are A. violent or antisocial. B. followed by reinforcement. C. extrinsically motivated. D. conditioned responses.

answer

B. followed by reinforcement.

question

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone A. spontaneous recovery. B. discrimination. C. extinction. D. generalization.

answer

C. extinction.

question

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer. A. partial B. positive C. negative D. conditioned

answer

C. negative

question

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) A. unpredictable number of responses has been made. B. specified time period has elapsed. C. unpredictable time period has elapsed. D. specified number of responses has been made.

answer

B. specified time period has elapsed.

question

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of A. operant conditioning. B. respondent behavior. C. observational learning. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

C. observational learning

question

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n) A. immediate reinforcer. B. primary reinforcer. C. unconditioned stimulus. D. conditioned stimulus.

answer

D. conditioned stimulus

question

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was A. salivation to the sound of a tone. B. salivation to the food in the mouth. C. a tone. D. the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

answer

D. the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

question

The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ________ reinforcers. A. primary B. negative C. positive D. conditioned

answer

A. primary

question

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of A. intermittent reinforcement. B. discrimination. C. higher-order conditioning. D. spontaneous recovery.

answer

B. discrimination.

question

A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on A. how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US. B. an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS. C. the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US. D. an organism's behavior in response to environmental stimulation.

answer

B. an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

question

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction A. the CR is eliminated. B. the CS is eliminated. C. the CS is suppressed. D. the CR is suppressed.

answer

D. the CR is suppressed.

question

Psychologists define learning as the process of A. acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors. B. adapting to the environment. C. responding to external stimuli. D. reinforcing behavioral responses.

answer

A. acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.

question

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is A. positive punishment. B. negative reinforcement. C. negative punishment. D. positive reinforcement.

answer

A. positive punishment.

question

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears A. can be used as negative reinforcers. B. may be produced through classical conditioning. C. are acquired through observational learning. D. can interfere with the process of learning.

answer

B. may be produced through classical conditioning.

question

Compared with nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates A. generalization. B. negative reinforcement. C. discrimination. D. cognitive learning.

answer

A. generalization.

question

Negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments ________ the rate of operant responding. A. decrease; increase B. increase; decrease C. have no effect on; decrease D. decrease; decrease

answer

B. increase; decrease

question

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates A. spontaneous recovery. B. generalization. C. secondary reinforcement. D. stimulus predictability.

answer

B. generalization.

question

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of A. shaping. B. extrinsic motivation. C. online testing. D. latent learning.

answer

D. latent learning.

question

Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior. A. pleasant; aversive B. aversive; pleasant C. aversive; aversive D. pleasant; pleasant

answer

B. aversive; pleasant

question

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates A. prosocial behavior. B. operant conditioning. C. observational learning. D. respondent behavior.

answer

C. observational learning.

question

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a A. CS. B. US. C. CR. D. UR.

answer

A. CS.

question

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) A. conditioned stimulus. B. conditioned response. C. unconditioned response. D. unconditioned stimulus.

answer

D. unconditioned stimulus.

question

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of A. latent learning. B. generalization. C. modeling. D. shaping.

answer

D. shaping.

question

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of A. observational learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. immediate reinforcement. D. shaping.

answer

A. observational learning.

question

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n) A. negative reinforcer. B. unconditioned response. C. conditioned response. D. positive reinforcer.

answer

D. positive reinforcer.

question

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of A. partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement. B. secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement. C. continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement. D. primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement.

answer

C. continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement.

question

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of A. shaping. B. classical conditioning. C. spontaneous recovery. D. negative reinforcement.

answer

B. classical conditioning.

question

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. variable-ratio D. fixed-ratio

answer

D. fixed-ratio

question

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences? A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning C. observational learning D. latent learning

answer

B. operant conditioning

question

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by A. Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children. B. Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response. C. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats. D. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants.

answer

C. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

question

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of A. shaping. B. delayed reinforcement. C. respondent behavior. D. observational learning.

answer

D. observational learning.

question

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of A. secondary reinforcement. B. spontaneous recovery. C. shaping. D. delayed reinforcement.

answer

C. shaping.

question

Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates A. negative reinforcement. B. observational learning. C. classical conditioning. D. cognitive learning.

answer

C. classical conditioning.

question

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer. A. conditioned B. delayed C. negative D. partial

answer

A. conditioned

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