Psychology Exam 1 – CJK – Flashcards
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The practice of psychiatry is most like the psychological specialty of
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Clinical psychology
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In psychology, the words describe, predict, understand, and influence relate to
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The goals of psychology
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Which early researcher studied memory by having his/her participants pair a number and a color together?
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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What differentiated Sigmund Freud from most of the other influential founders of psychology?
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Freud was interested in the unconscious mind.
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Which of the following is an example of a psychologist's attempt to predict behavior?
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Determining whether a job applicant is likely to perform well on a job.
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What do we know to be true about human behavior?
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Humans are social animals
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Which of the following is a key term in the definition of psychology?
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Behavior
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How does contemporary psychoanalysis differ from the original form of psychoanalysis?
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Contemporary psychoanalysts place greater importance on motives other than sexual or aggressive.
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The phi phenomenon was used by psychologists to argue that:
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perception has meaning only when it is seen as a whole, rather than as a collection of elements.
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J. Henry Alston was notable as an African American psychologist and for his studies of the sensations of heat and cold. J. Henry Alston was an early:
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Structuralist
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Which approach to psychology would be apt to say "The whole is greater then the sum of its parts"?
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Gestalt
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What is the main contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to psychology?
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He demonstrated that carefully controlled experimentation can be conducted.
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The beginning of psychology as a science began in the discipline of
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Philosophy
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In which school of thought did researches ask participants to report sensations they were experiencing?
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Structuralism
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What did Christine Ladd-Franklin and Mary Calkins have in common?
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They competed a doctoral program in psychology, but never received a doctor degree.
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Which of the following topics would be studied by a neuroscientist?
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The role of hormones in the regulation of behavior
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A/n _____ is a tentative explanation of facts, findings, and relationship in any of the sciences.
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Theory
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Important aspects of behavior and mental processes are learned from others. Which psychologist most likely made a statement similar to this?
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Albert Bandura
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Who won a Nobel price for his work on digestion?
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Ivan Pavlov
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What is the major difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?
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Psychiatrists are medical doctors.
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Psychologists who study the role of the brain in psychological processes use the:
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Neuroscience perspective.
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According to Sigmund Freud, where do motives reside?
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in the unconscious mind.
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Why did Hermann Ebbinghaus make up nonsense syllables for his memory studies?
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Because if he used real words, his prior experience with those words might influence his memory.
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You are told that Dr. Doe researches the behavior patterns of a group of French descendants who live near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Dr. Doe is most likely a:
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Sociocultural psychologist.
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If an early psychologist believed that the study of psychology should focus on the purpose of the mind and not on its raw elements, that psychologist would most likely adhere to the school of thought known as:
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functionalism
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Which theorist would most likely accuse you of accidentally wrecking your dad's car because (though you were not aware of this) you wanted to hurt your dad?
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Sigmund Freud
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Which school of psychology used the phi phenomenon to demonstrate its belief about human consciousness?
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Gestalt Psychology
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Persons born into different cultures
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are taught very different values from birth.
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The modern version of functionalism is known as
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cognitive psychology.
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What is the current enrollment pattern for men and women interested in graduate education in psychology?
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women outnumber men
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Using William James' analogy, the study of a flowing stream is like ____ as the study of individual water molecules is like _____.
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Functionalism; structuralism
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A person can only be understood by studying the beliefs and the values of the community in which the person has lived. This statement best exemplifies the
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sociocultural approach.
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Which of the following is an example of a psychologist's attempt to understand behavior?
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conducting an experiment to test a theory about teenage sexual behavior
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Humanists believe that conscious processes are
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important
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You have a fiend who appears to be having frequent anxiety attacks. From what you know about the psychoanalytic school, what would a psychoanalyst say was at the heart of your friend's problem?
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unconscious motives
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Although related, school psychologists ____ and educational psychologists ____.
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Consult about behavior problems and test; study the ways children learn.
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Followers of Albert Bandura's viewpoint would best be described as
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social learning theorists
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Psychologists who are trained to test school children's abilities and consult with teachers would best fit into the category of
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applied psychology
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The ___ perspective had its greatest influences from social anthropology.
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sociocultural
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Which of the following best describes truth and theory?
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Theories are not absolute and they may be revised over time.
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A researcher counts the number of times a rat stands on its hind legs after being placed in a new environment. Given what you know about the schools of psychology, which viewpoint best suits her research technique?
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behaviorism
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What was the early pioneer in memory research that used himself as his only research subject?
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Which contemporary viewpoint combines aspects of behaviorism with aspects from the cognitive perspective?
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Social learning theory
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Self-concept refers to the idea of
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our view of what we are like
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All of the following represent applied psychology except
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developmental psychology
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Who was the first to publish a description of the cells of the brain, now called neurons?
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Santiago Ramon y Cajal
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The Department of Motor Vehicles recently completed a study that indicated there is a negative correlation between the age of a driver and the number of errors on the written driving test. This result means that
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The older the driver, the fewer errors on the driving test.
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What do the survey technique and naturalistic observation have in common?
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They are both descriptive research methods.
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The clinical method is a variation of
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naturalistic observation
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If a psychologist can measure a concept in such a way as to get a numerical value, then that concept is also referred to as a
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variable
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Which of the following is an example of a descriptive method of doing research?
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naturalistic observation
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In a research study, participants recorded the number of cigarettes they smoked per day. "Number of cigarettes they smoked per day" is referred to as an
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variable
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The advantage of a blind experiment is that the research project avoids the ___ effect
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experimenter bias
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Conducting research when the participant does not know the true purpose of the study is the use of
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deception
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Necessity refers to the need to use an animal for research because of the ___ potential for advancement of our knowledge about behavior and metnal processes.
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significant
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A researcher wants to study the relationship between lifespan and cigarette smoking. For this study, he cannot ethically manipulate people to smoke cigarettes, so the researcher must rely on a correlational study. Based on the correlational approach, which of the following statements would be an appropriate conclusion?
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Smoking cigarettes is related to decreases in lifespan.
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When observing nature, all scientists
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follow strict rules
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In the middle of a study concerning pain reduction, you give a participant a pill and tell him it is a painkiller. It is actually a sugar pill. The person feels a reduction of pain. The ___ effect helps to explain how this can happen.
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placebo
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One advantage of formal experiments as compared to correlational studies is that formal experiments
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can allow conclusions about cause and effect
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Which of the following would best describe what a correlational study would accomplish?
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compare the amount of violence on TV to the amount of aggressive behavior in children.
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Variable X in creases as variable Y increases. Choose the correlation coefficient that best applies.
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+0.80
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If a researcher tests the effects of alcohol on the reaction times of participants, the participants who get the alcohol are in the
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experimental group
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The dependent variable is called the dependent variable because its value ____ other parts of the experiment.
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depends on
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A danger in using the correlational strategy is that
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one might attribute causation between two events.
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When a scientist says that the theory is tentative, the scientist means that the
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theory is subject to revision
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One of the ethical principles of research dictates that all participants are provided with a summary of the study in a language they understand; this practice is called
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debriefing
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A psychologist studied the effect of blood alcohol level on driving behavior. In this study, driving behavior was the ____ variable.
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dependent
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When is deception allowed in psychological research?
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when it will not harm the participant and when the participant is debriefed.
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When there is a positive correlation between two variables, this means that
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the value of one variable increases as the values of another variable increases.
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When you see a coefficient of correlation while reading a scientific research report, what does it indicate to you?
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the strength of a relationship between two variables
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In a double blind study, who knows about the details of the study?
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neither the experimenter nor the participant
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A recent study reports that there is a positive correlation between the number of hours a student studies each week and the student's grade point average. This findings means that
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as studying increases, GPA tends to increase.
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If the most frequently occurring age in your classroom belongs to 19-year-olds, then 19 is the ___ age of the class.
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modal
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In a blind experiment, the participants do not know
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which level of the independent variable they received.
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A university is interested in measuring students confidence in career decisions and effectiveness of their career counseling center. One group of students is randomly assigned to receive three weeks o career counseling; another group of students is prevented from receiving career counseling during those same three weeks. After three weeks have passed, the university asks students about their confidence in their future career using a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 indicating highest confidence. What is the dependent variable?
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the students confidence score about the future career.
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Successful replication means that certain conclusions about behavior have been
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repeated in multiple experiments.
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When animals are used in studies, humane treatment dictates that discomforts must be
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minimized
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A researcher finds that a person's height and weight are significantly positively correlated. Which interpretation below makes the most sense?
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When a person tends to be tall, they tend to be heavy.
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If you participated in a research study and your results accidentally became public and were linked to you by name , this would be a breach of
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confidentiality
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When experimenter bias takes place, it means that
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the experimenter influenced the performance of the participants
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Which research technique allows fairly confident conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships?
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Formal experiment
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Generally speaking, the larger the sample size, the more likely a correlation will be
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statistically significant
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For a formal experiment to yield valid results, all alternative explanations for the findings must be ruled out by a process of
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experimental control
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The American Psychological Association has established a set of ethical principles for research with human participants. The experimenter is usually required to give participants a complete description of the experiment before they are allowed to participate. This illustrates the principle of
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informed consent
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The variable that the researcher controls is called the
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independent variable
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Research performed in carefully regulated settings where one or more variables are manipulated while others are held constant is called
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formal experimentation
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Which research technique did Sigmund Freud use while he gathered information to develop his theories of abnormal behavior?
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clinical method
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Which of the following is a condition that is required to be present for animal research to be considered valid?
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humane treatment
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If you want your study to be sensitive to gender differences, what should you have?
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equal numbers of males and females
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When you let someone know what he/she is about to do in a psychological experiment, you are providing
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informed consent
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Dr. X required all of his students, without exception, to participate in an experiment for part of their course grade. What is true regarding Dr. X's use of the ethical principles of human research?
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He is violating freedom from coercion
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Naturalistic observation describes a research technique in which careful observation and recording of behavior occurs
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in real-life settings
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Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to using the survey method to answer questions of interest?
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You cannot be sure that answers are completely honest to questions about sensitive topics
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In a study examining the effects of caffeine on memory, the participants are not told if they received caffeine or not. The technical term of this procedure is that the participants were
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blind
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Which variable depends on the effects of the independent variable?
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The dependent variable
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The key component of empirical evidence is that it must be based on ____ behavior
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publicly observable
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It is the ___ cell that transports nutrients from the blood vessels to neurons.
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Glial
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Wernicke's area is located in the ___ love
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temporal
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The two haves of the cerebral cortex are called cerebral
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hemispheres
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When a neuron is at its resting state, what is the status of sodium ions?
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They are not let into the neuron.
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A person who walks in a jerky, uncoordinated way may well have a disorder most likely involving the ____
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cerebellum
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The division of the peripheral nervous system that plays a significant role in motivation and emotion is the
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autonomic division
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If a neuron is polarized, which of the following conditions exists?
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The inside of the cell has a more negative charge than the outside.
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When positively charged ions rush into a neuron, this process is called
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depolarization
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The capacity of the cerebral cortex, when damaged, to shift functions to other parts of the brain is called
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plasticity
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What is the name of the large bundle of axons that connect the two halves of the brain?
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corpus callosum
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In the bloodstream, an increase in epinephrine causes an
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increase in heart rate.
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A paramedic arrives at an accident. One of the people injured has a problem breathing and cannot stand upright. Most likely, the area of the hindbrain damaged is the
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medulla
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Input is to output as
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afferent neuron is to efferent neuron
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The chain of events that is instigated by depolarization leads to an
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action potential
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The idea that in some circumstances the brain can renew itself by growing new neurons is known as
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neurogenesis
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Under what condition does an action potential occur?
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A strong depolarization of the cell membrane
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The physical junction between two neurons is called the
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synapse
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After finishing a psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the ____ nervous system and result in slower heart and respiration rates and less muscular tension.
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parasympathetic
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Increase in blood sugar is to decrease in blood sugar as
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glucagon is to insulin
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Where is the hypothalamus located relative to the thalamus?
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The hypothalamus lies underneath the thalamus
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How are hormones different from neurotransmitters?
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Hormones are carried in the bloodstream.
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A person is having trouble with reflexive movements of the eyes and postural reflexes. In which area of the brain would you suspect an injury?
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midbrain
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In the somatic nervous system, by what pathway to electrochemical messages flow?
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From the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
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In the brain, from childhood to middle age, gray matter ____ and white matter ____.
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decreases; increases
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Where is the midbrain located in relation to the hindbrain?
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small area at the top of the hindbrain
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Wernicke's aphasia results in
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patients who can speak normally but cannot make sense out of language.
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If you have ever been struck in the back of the head and saw stars or flashes of light, cells were stimulated in your ____ lobe.
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occipital
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What happens to the neuron just before a neural message is transmitted to adjacent neurons?
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the cell membrane near the axon becomes more permieable
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The most common cell in the brain is the
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Glial cell
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What is the relationship between a nerve and a neuron?
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A nerve is a bundle of long neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.
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In neuron functioning, the role of the synaptic vesicle is to
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store neurotransmitters in the synaptic knob.
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It is now found that neurons can continue to grow and new neurons form to repair damage in the cortex and hippocampus of monkeys and rats. This process is called
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neurogenesis.
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We associate the function of the limbic system with
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emotions
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conscious experience and voluntary actions are mediated by the
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cerebral cortex
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Broca's area is located in the ____ lobe.
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frontal
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Originally it was thought that neurons transmitted signals through an all or none principle, where the neuron fired at full strength or not at all. It is now understood that this is not the case, and that neurons transmit messages through
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graded electrical potentials.
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Small branches that extend from the neuron cell body and spread like miniature tree roots are called
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dendrites.
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Some individuals use bright light to treat seasonal affective disorder, a type of depression that occurs during the winter months. It is believed that bright light therapy is effective due to its influence on
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Melatonin
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The gray matter of the brain is called the
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cerebral cortex
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Neural pruning is a process believed to ____ the efficiency of neural systems by eliminating ____ cells.
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improve; unnecessary
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Which of the following accurately describes the effect of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
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It decreases the chance of depolarization
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Which of the following occurs as a function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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dilatation of the pupils in the eyes
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Magnetic resonance imaging is a technique that works by
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detecting and interpreting magnetic activity from atomic nuclei
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Which part of the peripheral nervous system would be particularly important to a backpacker being chased by an angry bear?
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sympathetic
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During childhood development, cretinism results from insufficient levels of ____
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thyroxin
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If a stroke were to occur in Broca's area, a person might have difficulty speaking, but would likely understand what is being said to them. This disorder is called
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expressive aphasia
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Compared to the male brain, the female brain is ____ and has a ____ surface area
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smaller; larger
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The cerebral cortex is made up of two nearly separate parts called the
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cerebra hemispheres
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The part of the neuron primarily responsible for keeping the cell healthy is the
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cell body
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If a person's cerebellum was damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have a problem with
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balance and muscle coordination.
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When a baby is born, it shows no preference for its father's voice, but after a month of living with Dad, a baby will show a clear preference for Dad's voice over other men's voices. This new preference is an example of
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learning
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Learned taste aversions are an example oft he role of _____ factors in learning.
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biological
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Primary reinforcer is to secondary reinforcer as
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unlearned is to learned.
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Thorndike's "law of effect" suggests that
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the consequences of a behavior influence the probability of that behavior being repeated.
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Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat runs toward the plate of food when it sees it being set on the floor. In this example, the placement of the food on the floor is a/n
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unconditioned stimulus
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The opposite of stimulus discrimination is
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stimulus generalization
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Learning from the consequences of our behavior, which in turn leads to the strengthening, or weakening of behaviors is called
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operant conditioning
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Reinforcers that are acquired through learning are called ____ reinforcers
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secondary
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The fact that it is easier to condition a fear of things that have some intrinsic association with danger suggests that people are ____ prepared to learn certain kinds of fear.
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biologically
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Many psychiatric hospitals offer patients the chance to perform chores in exchange for tokens. The patients can use these tokens to purchase items at the hospital store. This system is an example of
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secondary reinforcement
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Compared to continuous schedules of reinforcement, partial schedules of reinforcement
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are more resistant to extinction
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Mr. Harper used to yell at Mrs. Harper for trumping cards unnecessarily when they played bridge. Instead of improving her play, Mrs. Harper gave up bridge altogether. This is an example of
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punishment's generalized inhibiting effect.
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An interval schedule in operant conditioning, whether fixed or variable, is based on
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the passage of time
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According to research studies, what should happen if Scott observes Allison being rewarded for picking up toys?
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Scott's toy picking up behavior will increase
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Helen used to love bananas. Then one day she ate nine bananas and got sick. Over the next 45 years, Helen never ate another banana. Helen's behavioral change concerning bananas is called a
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learned taste aversion
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How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning? Classical conditioning involves an association between _____
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two stimuli
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If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for, on average, every three words correctly spelled, this would be an example of being reinforced on a ____ schedule.
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variable ratio
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When the original source of learning is removed and a particular response diminishes, ____ has occurred.
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extinction
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Maria's boss was unhappy with the way her grooming and dress had deteriorated over the last few years. Rather than reprimand her, the boss decided to lavishly praise Maria on days when she was neater and gradually raise his requirements for praise as Maria became nearer and neater. The technique being planned was
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shaping
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A fleck of dust or dirt in your eye automatically causes the eye to produce tears to wash out the dirt. If this were part of a classical conditioning experiment, the fleck of dust or dirt would be labeled as the _____ .
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unconditioned stimulus
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How does extinction occur in classical conditioning?
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The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is presented with the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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It is _____ conditioning that studies the relationship between a response and the resulting consequence.
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operant.
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What explanation did Harlow use to explain why problem-solving ability improved over trials in his study in which apes had to locate food under objects?
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The apes acquired a learning set.
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Slot machines are set to pay off on average of once in every 1,000,000 plays. this is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement
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variable ratio
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After John was ridiculed by the teacher in his high school English class, he began cutting class. This can be seen as an example of
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avoidance conditioning.
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In Pavlov's classic studies with dogs and digestion, what was the response that Pavlov measured?
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amount of salivation
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An experimental group of rats was not reinforced for solving a maze problem for a few days. Several days later, they were reinforced and subsequently showed similar scores in the maze as rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment. Tolman referred to this phenomenon as ___ learning.
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latent
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When using positive reinforcement, the ____ should immediately follow the ____ .
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reinforcer; response.
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In positive reinforcement, the behavior that becomes more frequent is called the ____.
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Operant response
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The method of successive approximations is used to achieve the learning goal of
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shaping
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When learning by watching others, we tend to learn more from a model we see being reinforced. Learning by watching someone else's reinforcement is called _____ reinforcement
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vicarious
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If the state troopers drive yellow Fords in your state, there may be an immediate braking response when you see any yellow Ford. This reaction is known as...
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stimulus generalization
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
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Money
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Bandura's term for learning by watching others is
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modeling
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If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for every five words spelled correctly, the student's behavior is being reinforced on a ____ schedule.
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fixed ratio.
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Learning is defined as a ____ change in behavior due to ____.
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relatively permanent; experience
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Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat comes running toward the kitchen at the sound of the can opener, not at the sight of the food. In this example, the running into the kitchen at the sound of the can opener is the
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conditioned response.
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The origins of unusual sexual fetishes may best be explained by
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classical conditioning
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A pigeon learned to peck a lighted disk for a few bits of grain. The bird does not peck when the light is off because no grain will be forthcoming. The light is called the ____ .
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discriminative stimulus
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An animal emits a response in the presence of a certain tone. If a slightly higher pitched tone elicits the same response, then stimulus ____ has taken place.
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generalization
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Researchers have demonstrated that learning can occur in the absence of a reinforcer. This learning is demonstrated at a later time. The name for this type of learning is
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latent learning
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In positive reinforcement, the consequences of a behavior are ___ and the behavior is likely to occur ____.
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positive; more
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It is easier to classically condition a fear of ___ compared to a fear of ___.
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Snakes; lunch boxes.
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In an experiment, participants are to learn a classically conditioned response. Which of the following will occur on the first learning trial?
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The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) will not elicit a Conditioned Response (CR).
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Bandura's famous study with the children and the Bobo doll was a demonstration of
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modeling
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J.J. became extremely nauseous two hours after eating a fried corn dog at the country fair. Through his experience she learned to dislike corn dogs. What was the UCS in this example?
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nausea
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Which of the following statements would be a cognitive explanation ofr learning?
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a rat turns right in a maze because it knows where the food has been left.
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When voluntary behaviors are either strengthened or weakened by their outcomes, the behavioral changes result from
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operant conditioning
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which of the following is best associated with place learning?
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acquiring knowledge of the location of the reinforcer
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When rats learn to navigate a maze based on the location of food rather than a series of left-right turns, this study by Tolman lead to the concept of
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a cognitive map
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