question

Which psychologist founded France's first psychology laboratory and was a pioneer in intelligence testing?

answer

Alfred Binet

question

Which is the correct order of completion for a psychiatrist, from first to last?

answer

Complete medical school, internship in general medicine, residency in psychiatry

question

Who is most closely associated with social learning theory?

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Which school of psychology was founded and developed by Sigmund Freud?

answer

Psychoanalysis

question

The practice of psychiatry is most like the psychological specialty of

answer

Clinical psychology

question

In psychology, the words describe, predict, understand, and influence relate to

answer

The goals of psychology

question

Which early researcher studied memory by having his/her participants pair a number and a color together?

answer

Mary Whiton Calkins

question

What differentiated Sigmund Freud from most of the other influential founders of psychology?

answer

Freud was interested in the unconscious mind.

question

Which of the following is an example of a psychologist's attempt to predict behavior?

answer

Determining whether a job applicant is likely to perform well on a job.

question

What do we know to be true about human behavior?

answer

Humans are social animals

question

Which of the following is a key term in the definition of psychology?

answer

Behavior

question

How does contemporary psychoanalysis differ from the original form of psychoanalysis?

answer

Contemporary psychoanalysts place greater importance on motives other than sexual or aggressive.

question

The phi phenomenon was used by psychologists to argue that:

answer

perception has meaning only when it is seen as a whole, rather than as a collection of elements.

question

J. Henry Alston was notable as an African American psychologist and for his studies of the sensations of heat and cold. J. Henry Alston was an early:

answer

Structuralist

question

Which approach to psychology would be apt to say "The whole is greater then the sum of its parts"?

answer

Gestalt

question

What is the main contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to psychology?

answer

He demonstrated that carefully controlled experimentation can be conducted.

question

The beginning of psychology as a science began in the discipline of

answer

Philosophy

question

In which school of thought did researches ask participants to report sensations they were experiencing?

answer

Structuralism

question

What did Christine Ladd-Franklin and Mary Calkins have in common?

answer

They competed a doctoral program in psychology, but never received a doctor degree.

question

Which of the following topics would be studied by a neuroscientist?

answer

The role of hormones in the regulation of behavior

question

A/n _____ is a tentative explanation of facts, findings, and relationship in any of the sciences.

answer

Theory

question

Important aspects of behavior and mental processes are learned from others. Which psychologist most likely made a statement similar to this?

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Who won a Nobel price for his work on digestion?

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

What is the major difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?

answer

Psychiatrists are medical doctors.

question

Psychologists who study the role of the brain in psychological processes use the:

answer

Neuroscience perspective.

question

According to Sigmund Freud, where do motives reside?

answer

in the unconscious mind.

question

Why did Hermann Ebbinghaus make up nonsense syllables for his memory studies?

answer

Because if he used real words, his prior experience with those words might influence his memory.

question

You are told that Dr. Doe researches the behavior patterns of a group of French descendants who live near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Dr. Doe is most likely a:

answer

Sociocultural psychologist.

question

If an early psychologist believed that the study of psychology should focus on the purpose of the mind and not on its raw elements, that psychologist would most likely adhere to the school of thought known as:

answer

functionalism

question

Which theorist would most likely accuse you of accidentally wrecking your dad's car because (though you were not aware of this) you wanted to hurt your dad?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Which school of psychology used the phi phenomenon to demonstrate its belief about human consciousness?

answer

Gestalt Psychology

question

Persons born into different cultures

answer

are taught very different values from birth.

question

The modern version of functionalism is known as

answer

cognitive psychology.

question

What is the current enrollment pattern for men and women interested in graduate education in psychology?

answer

women outnumber men

question

Using William James' analogy, the study of a flowing stream is like ____ as the study of individual water molecules is like _____.

answer

Functionalism; structuralism

question

A person can only be understood by studying the beliefs and the values of the community in which the person has lived. This statement best exemplifies the

answer

sociocultural approach.

question

Which of the following is an example of a psychologist's attempt to understand behavior?

answer

conducting an experiment to test a theory about teenage sexual behavior

question

Humanists believe that conscious processes are

answer

important

question

You have a fiend who appears to be having frequent anxiety attacks. From what you know about the psychoanalytic school, what would a psychoanalyst say was at the heart of your friend's problem?

answer

unconscious motives

question

Although related, school psychologists ____ and educational psychologists ____.

answer

Consult about behavior problems and test; study the ways children learn.

question

Followers of Albert Bandura's viewpoint would best be described as

answer

social learning theorists

question

Psychologists who are trained to test school children's abilities and consult with teachers would best fit into the category of

answer

applied psychology

question

The ___ perspective had its greatest influences from social anthropology.

answer

sociocultural

question

Which of the following best describes truth and theory?

answer

Theories are not absolute and they may be revised over time.

question

A researcher counts the number of times a rat stands on its hind legs after being placed in a new environment. Given what you know about the schools of psychology, which viewpoint best suits her research technique?

answer

behaviorism

question

What was the early pioneer in memory research that used himself as his only research subject?

answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus

question

Which contemporary viewpoint combines aspects of behaviorism with aspects from the cognitive perspective?

answer

Social learning theory

question

Self-concept refers to the idea of

answer

our view of what we are like

question

All of the following represent applied psychology except

answer

developmental psychology

question

Who was the first to publish a description of the cells of the brain, now called neurons?

answer

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

question

The Department of Motor Vehicles recently completed a study that indicated there is a negative correlation between the age of a driver and the number of errors on the written driving test. This result means that

answer

The older the driver, the fewer errors on the driving test.

question

What do the survey technique and naturalistic observation have in common?

answer

They are both descriptive research methods.

question

The clinical method is a variation of

answer

naturalistic observation

question

If a psychologist can measure a concept in such a way as to get a numerical value, then that concept is also referred to as a

answer

variable

question

Which of the following is an example of a descriptive method of doing research?

answer

naturalistic observation

question

In a research study, participants recorded the number of cigarettes they smoked per day. "Number of cigarettes they smoked per day" is referred to as an

answer

variable

question

The advantage of a blind experiment is that the research project avoids the ___ effect

answer

experimenter bias

question

Conducting research when the participant does not know the true purpose of the study is the use of

answer

deception

question

Necessity refers to the need to use an animal for research because of the ___ potential for advancement of our knowledge about behavior and metnal processes.

answer

significant

question

A researcher wants to study the relationship between lifespan and cigarette smoking. For this study, he cannot ethically manipulate people to smoke cigarettes, so the researcher must rely on a correlational study. Based on the correlational approach, which of the following statements would be an appropriate conclusion?

answer

Smoking cigarettes is related to decreases in lifespan.

question

When observing nature, all scientists

answer

follow strict rules

question

In the middle of a study concerning pain reduction, you give a participant a pill and tell him it is a painkiller. It is actually a sugar pill. The person feels a reduction of pain. The ___ effect helps to explain how this can happen.

answer

placebo

question

One advantage of formal experiments as compared to correlational studies is that formal experiments

answer

can allow conclusions about cause and effect

question

Which of the following would best describe what a correlational study would accomplish?

answer

compare the amount of violence on TV to the amount of aggressive behavior in children.

question

Variable X in creases as variable Y increases. Choose the correlation coefficient that best applies.

answer

+0.80

question

If a researcher tests the effects of alcohol on the reaction times of participants, the participants who get the alcohol are in the

answer

experimental group

question

The dependent variable is called the dependent variable because its value ____ other parts of the experiment.

answer

depends on

question

A danger in using the correlational strategy is that

answer

one might attribute causation between two events.

question

When a scientist says that the theory is tentative, the scientist means that the

answer

theory is subject to revision

question

One of the ethical principles of research dictates that all participants are provided with a summary of the study in a language they understand; this practice is called

answer

debriefing

question

A psychologist studied the effect of blood alcohol level on driving behavior. In this study, driving behavior was the ____ variable.

answer

dependent

question

When is deception allowed in psychological research?

answer

when it will not harm the participant and when the participant is debriefed.

question

When there is a positive correlation between two variables, this means that

answer

the value of one variable increases as the values of another variable increases.

question

When you see a coefficient of correlation while reading a scientific research report, what does it indicate to you?

answer

the strength of a relationship between two variables

question

In a double blind study, who knows about the details of the study?

answer

neither the experimenter nor the participant

question

A recent study reports that there is a positive correlation between the number of hours a student studies each week and the student's grade point average. This findings means that

answer

as studying increases, GPA tends to increase.

question

If the most frequently occurring age in your classroom belongs to 19-year-olds, then 19 is the ___ age of the class.

answer

modal

question

In a blind experiment, the participants do not know

answer

which level of the independent variable they received.

question

A university is interested in measuring students confidence in career decisions and effectiveness of their career counseling center. One group of students is randomly assigned to receive three weeks o career counseling; another group of students is prevented from receiving career counseling during those same three weeks. After three weeks have passed, the university asks students about their confidence in their future career using a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 indicating highest confidence. What is the dependent variable?

answer

the students confidence score about the future career.

question

Successful replication means that certain conclusions about behavior have been

answer

repeated in multiple experiments.

question

When animals are used in studies, humane treatment dictates that discomforts must be

answer

minimized

question

A researcher finds that a person's height and weight are significantly positively correlated. Which interpretation below makes the most sense?

answer

When a person tends to be tall, they tend to be heavy.

question

If you participated in a research study and your results accidentally became public and were linked to you by name , this would be a breach of

answer

confidentiality

question

When experimenter bias takes place, it means that

answer

the experimenter influenced the performance of the participants

question

Which research technique allows fairly confident conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships?

answer

Formal experiment

question

Generally speaking, the larger the sample size, the more likely a correlation will be

answer

statistically significant

question

For a formal experiment to yield valid results, all alternative explanations for the findings must be ruled out by a process of

answer

experimental control

question

The American Psychological Association has established a set of ethical principles for research with human participants. The experimenter is usually required to give participants a complete description of the experiment before they are allowed to participate. This illustrates the principle of

answer

informed consent

question

The variable that the researcher controls is called the

answer

independent variable

question

Research performed in carefully regulated settings where one or more variables are manipulated while others are held constant is called

answer

formal experimentation

question

Which research technique did Sigmund Freud use while he gathered information to develop his theories of abnormal behavior?

answer

clinical method

question

Which of the following is a condition that is required to be present for animal research to be considered valid?

answer

humane treatment

question

If you want your study to be sensitive to gender differences, what should you have?

answer

equal numbers of males and females

question

When you let someone know what he/she is about to do in a psychological experiment, you are providing

answer

informed consent

question

Dr. X required all of his students, without exception, to participate in an experiment for part of their course grade. What is true regarding Dr. X's use of the ethical principles of human research?

answer

He is violating freedom from coercion

question

Naturalistic observation describes a research technique in which careful observation and recording of behavior occurs

answer

in real-life settings

question

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to using the survey method to answer questions of interest?

answer

You cannot be sure that answers are completely honest to questions about sensitive topics

question

In a study examining the effects of caffeine on memory, the participants are not told if they received caffeine or not. The technical term of this procedure is that the participants were

answer

blind

question

Which variable depends on the effects of the independent variable?

answer

The dependent variable

question

The key component of empirical evidence is that it must be based on ____ behavior

answer

publicly observable

question

It is the ___ cell that transports nutrients from the blood vessels to neurons.

answer

Glial

question

Wernicke's area is located in the ___ love

answer

temporal

question

The two haves of the cerebral cortex are called cerebral

answer

hemispheres

question

When a neuron is at its resting state, what is the status of sodium ions?

answer

They are not let into the neuron.

question

A person who walks in a jerky, uncoordinated way may well have a disorder most likely involving the ____

answer

cerebellum

question

The division of the peripheral nervous system that plays a significant role in motivation and emotion is the

answer

autonomic division

question

If a neuron is polarized, which of the following conditions exists?

answer

The inside of the cell has a more negative charge than the outside.

question

When positively charged ions rush into a neuron, this process is called

answer

depolarization

question

The capacity of the cerebral cortex, when damaged, to shift functions to other parts of the brain is called

answer

plasticity

question

What is the name of the large bundle of axons that connect the two halves of the brain?

answer

corpus callosum

question

In the bloodstream, an increase in epinephrine causes an

answer

increase in heart rate.

question

A paramedic arrives at an accident. One of the people injured has a problem breathing and cannot stand upright. Most likely, the area of the hindbrain damaged is the

answer

medulla

question

Input is to output as

answer

afferent neuron is to efferent neuron

question

The chain of events that is instigated by depolarization leads to an

answer

action potential

question

The idea that in some circumstances the brain can renew itself by growing new neurons is known as

answer

neurogenesis

question

Under what condition does an action potential occur?

answer

A strong depolarization of the cell membrane

question

The physical junction between two neurons is called the

answer

synapse

question

After finishing a psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the ____ nervous system and result in slower heart and respiration rates and less muscular tension.

answer

parasympathetic

question

Increase in blood sugar is to decrease in blood sugar as

answer

glucagon is to insulin

question

Where is the hypothalamus located relative to the thalamus?

answer

The hypothalamus lies underneath the thalamus

question

How are hormones different from neurotransmitters?

answer

Hormones are carried in the bloodstream.

question

A person is having trouble with reflexive movements of the eyes and postural reflexes. In which area of the brain would you suspect an injury?

answer

midbrain

question

In the somatic nervous system, by what pathway to electrochemical messages flow?

answer

From the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

question

In the brain, from childhood to middle age, gray matter ____ and white matter ____.

answer

decreases; increases

question

Where is the midbrain located in relation to the hindbrain?

answer

small area at the top of the hindbrain

question

Wernicke's aphasia results in

answer

patients who can speak normally but cannot make sense out of language.

question

If you have ever been struck in the back of the head and saw stars or flashes of light, cells were stimulated in your ____ lobe.

answer

occipital

question

What happens to the neuron just before a neural message is transmitted to adjacent neurons?

answer

the cell membrane near the axon becomes more permieable

question

The most common cell in the brain is the

answer

Glial cell

question

What is the relationship between a nerve and a neuron?

answer

A nerve is a bundle of long neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

question

In neuron functioning, the role of the synaptic vesicle is to

answer

store neurotransmitters in the synaptic knob.

question

It is now found that neurons can continue to grow and new neurons form to repair damage in the cortex and hippocampus of monkeys and rats. This process is called

answer

neurogenesis.

question

We associate the function of the limbic system with

answer

emotions

question

conscious experience and voluntary actions are mediated by the

answer

cerebral cortex

question

Broca's area is located in the ____ lobe.

answer

frontal

question

Originally it was thought that neurons transmitted signals through an all or none principle, where the neuron fired at full strength or not at all. It is now understood that this is not the case, and that neurons transmit messages through

answer

graded electrical potentials.

question

Small branches that extend from the neuron cell body and spread like miniature tree roots are called

answer

dendrites.

question

Some individuals use bright light to treat seasonal affective disorder, a type of depression that occurs during the winter months. It is believed that bright light therapy is effective due to its influence on

answer

Melatonin

question

The gray matter of the brain is called the

answer

cerebral cortex

question

Neural pruning is a process believed to ____ the efficiency of neural systems by eliminating ____ cells.

answer

improve; unnecessary

question

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

answer

It decreases the chance of depolarization

question

Which of the following occurs as a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

answer

dilatation of the pupils in the eyes

question

Magnetic resonance imaging is a technique that works by

answer

detecting and interpreting magnetic activity from atomic nuclei

question

Which part of the peripheral nervous system would be particularly important to a backpacker being chased by an angry bear?

answer

sympathetic

question

During childhood development, cretinism results from insufficient levels of ____

answer

thyroxin

question

If a stroke were to occur in Broca's area, a person might have difficulty speaking, but would likely understand what is being said to them. This disorder is called

answer

expressive aphasia

question

Compared to the male brain, the female brain is ____ and has a ____ surface area

answer

smaller; larger

question

The cerebral cortex is made up of two nearly separate parts called the

answer

cerebra hemispheres

question

The part of the neuron primarily responsible for keeping the cell healthy is the

answer

cell body

question

If a person's cerebellum was damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have a problem with

answer

balance and muscle coordination.

question

When a baby is born, it shows no preference for its father's voice, but after a month of living with Dad, a baby will show a clear preference for Dad's voice over other men's voices. This new preference is an example of

answer

learning

question

Learned taste aversions are an example oft he role of _____ factors in learning.

answer

biological

question

Primary reinforcer is to secondary reinforcer as

answer

unlearned is to learned.

question

Thorndike's "law of effect" suggests that

answer

the consequences of a behavior influence the probability of that behavior being repeated.

question

Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat runs toward the plate of food when it sees it being set on the floor. In this example, the placement of the food on the floor is a/n

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

The opposite of stimulus discrimination is

answer

stimulus generalization

question

Learning from the consequences of our behavior, which in turn leads to the strengthening, or weakening of behaviors is called

answer

operant conditioning

question

Reinforcers that are acquired through learning are called ____ reinforcers

answer

secondary

question

The fact that it is easier to condition a fear of things that have some intrinsic association with danger suggests that people are ____ prepared to learn certain kinds of fear.

answer

biologically

question

Many psychiatric hospitals offer patients the chance to perform chores in exchange for tokens. The patients can use these tokens to purchase items at the hospital store. This system is an example of

answer

secondary reinforcement

question

Compared to continuous schedules of reinforcement, partial schedules of reinforcement

answer

are more resistant to extinction

question

Mr. Harper used to yell at Mrs. Harper for trumping cards unnecessarily when they played bridge. Instead of improving her play, Mrs. Harper gave up bridge altogether. This is an example of

answer

punishment's generalized inhibiting effect.

question

An interval schedule in operant conditioning, whether fixed or variable, is based on

answer

the passage of time

question

According to research studies, what should happen if Scott observes Allison being rewarded for picking up toys?

answer

Scott's toy picking up behavior will increase

question

Helen used to love bananas. Then one day she ate nine bananas and got sick. Over the next 45 years, Helen never ate another banana. Helen's behavioral change concerning bananas is called a

answer

learned taste aversion

question

How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning? Classical conditioning involves an association between _____

answer

two stimuli

question

If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for, on average, every three words correctly spelled, this would be an example of being reinforced on a ____ schedule.

answer

variable ratio

question

When the original source of learning is removed and a particular response diminishes, ____ has occurred.

answer

extinction

question

Maria's boss was unhappy with the way her grooming and dress had deteriorated over the last few years. Rather than reprimand her, the boss decided to lavishly praise Maria on days when she was neater and gradually raise his requirements for praise as Maria became nearer and neater. The technique being planned was

answer

shaping

question

A fleck of dust or dirt in your eye automatically causes the eye to produce tears to wash out the dirt. If this were part of a classical conditioning experiment, the fleck of dust or dirt would be labeled as the _____ .

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

How does extinction occur in classical conditioning?

answer

The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is presented with the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

question

It is _____ conditioning that studies the relationship between a response and the resulting consequence.

answer

operant.

question

What explanation did Harlow use to explain why problem-solving ability improved over trials in his study in which apes had to locate food under objects?

answer

The apes acquired a learning set.

question

Slot machines are set to pay off on average of once in every 1,000,000 plays. this is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement

answer

variable ratio

question

After John was ridiculed by the teacher in his high school English class, he began cutting class. This can be seen as an example of

answer

avoidance conditioning.

question

In Pavlov's classic studies with dogs and digestion, what was the response that Pavlov measured?

answer

amount of salivation

question

An experimental group of rats was not reinforced for solving a maze problem for a few days. Several days later, they were reinforced and subsequently showed similar scores in the maze as rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment. Tolman referred to this phenomenon as ___ learning.

answer

latent

question

When using positive reinforcement, the ____ should immediately follow the ____ .

answer

reinforcer; response.

question

In positive reinforcement, the behavior that becomes more frequent is called the ____.

answer

Operant response

question

The method of successive approximations is used to achieve the learning goal of

answer

shaping

question

When learning by watching others, we tend to learn more from a model we see being reinforced. Learning by watching someone else's reinforcement is called _____ reinforcement

answer

vicarious

question

If the state troopers drive yellow Fords in your state, there may be an immediate braking response when you see any yellow Ford. This reaction is known as...

answer

stimulus generalization

question

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

answer

Money

question

Bandura's term for learning by watching others is

answer

modeling

question

If a student in a classroom was given a piece of candy for every five words spelled correctly, the student's behavior is being reinforced on a ____ schedule.

answer

fixed ratio.

question

Learning is defined as a ____ change in behavior due to ____.

answer

relatively permanent; experience

question

Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat comes running toward the kitchen at the sound of the can opener, not at the sight of the food. In this example, the running into the kitchen at the sound of the can opener is the

answer

conditioned response.

question

The origins of unusual sexual fetishes may best be explained by

answer

classical conditioning

question

A pigeon learned to peck a lighted disk for a few bits of grain. The bird does not peck when the light is off because no grain will be forthcoming. The light is called the ____ .

answer

discriminative stimulus

question

An animal emits a response in the presence of a certain tone. If a slightly higher pitched tone elicits the same response, then stimulus ____ has taken place.

answer

generalization

question

Researchers have demonstrated that learning can occur in the absence of a reinforcer. This learning is demonstrated at a later time. The name for this type of learning is

answer

latent learning

question

In positive reinforcement, the consequences of a behavior are ___ and the behavior is likely to occur ____.

answer

positive; more

question

It is easier to classically condition a fear of ___ compared to a fear of ___.

answer

Snakes; lunch boxes.

question

In an experiment, participants are to learn a classically conditioned response. Which of the following will occur on the first learning trial?

answer

The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) will not elicit a Conditioned Response (CR).

question

Bandura's famous study with the children and the Bobo doll was a demonstration of

answer

modeling

question

J.J. became extremely nauseous two hours after eating a fried corn dog at the country fair. Through his experience she learned to dislike corn dogs. What was the UCS in this example?

answer

nausea

question

Which of the following statements would be a cognitive explanation ofr learning?

answer

a rat turns right in a maze because it knows where the food has been left.

question

When voluntary behaviors are either strengthened or weakened by their outcomes, the behavioral changes result from

answer

operant conditioning

question

which of the following is best associated with place learning?

answer

acquiring knowledge of the location of the reinforcer

question

When rats learn to navigate a maze based on the location of food rather than a series of left-right turns, this study by Tolman lead to the concept of

answer

a cognitive map

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