psychology cognition Bowie High School – Flashcards
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Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?
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cognition
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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)
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concept
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When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)
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concept
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A prototype is a
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best example of a particular category.
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In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of
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prototypes
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With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?
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A robin is a bird
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Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish
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prototype
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An algorithm is a
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methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems
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A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of
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an algorithm
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Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called
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heuristics
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The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to
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search for information that supports our preconceptions
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Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates
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confirmation bias
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Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce
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confirmation bias
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The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is called
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a fixation
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A mental set is most likely to inhibit
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creativity
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In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called
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intuitions
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Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called
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the availability heuristic
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The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of
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the availability heuristic
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The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to
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underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are inaccurate
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An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called
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belief perseverance
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Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is
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"Consider the opposite."
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The value of making a good first impression when you begin work for a new employer is best underscored by the research on
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belief perserverance
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In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of
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framing
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Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that it evokes a desired judgment is called
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framing
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On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the effect of
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framing
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Language refers to the
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spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning
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The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a
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phoneme
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The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a "t" and an "n" produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different
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phonemes
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English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.
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40
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Morphemes are
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the smallest speech units that carry meaning
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In the words "helped" and "called," the "ed" ending is a(n)
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morpheme
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The word "cats" contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).
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4;2
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The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called
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grammar
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Semantics refers to the
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rules by which we derive meaning from sounds
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The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of
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semantics
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To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, we need to apply proper rules of
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syntax
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Mentally segmenting other's spoken sounds into individual words best illustrates a 7-month-old's capacity for
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receptive language
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The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage
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babbling
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Infants are first able to discriminate speech sounds during the ________ stage
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babbling
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At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries "hoy" when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the ________ stage of language development
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one-word
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Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development
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two-word
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The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that
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people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood
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It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion most clearly illustrates
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linguistic determinism
