Psychology Chapter Six – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
To help students learn new psychology terms, Professor Williams encourages the students to think deeply about the meaning of the words by asking them to provide examples of each term, and to use each one in a sentence. Professor Williams is using which model of memory?
answer
levels-of-processing
question
Donyelle finds that she performs better on the exams that are given in her regular psychology classroom than in the large lecture room that is used to give midterms and finals to several sections at once. Donyelle's experience illustrates
answer
the importance of retrieval cues in memory.
question
The _______ effect suggest that the first and last person interviewed for a job will be better remembered by the interviewer than all the people in the middle.
answer
serial position
question
An eyewitness was asked to testify in court about her memory of a crime that took place on her street. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provided her with a written statement from another neighbor who also viewed the crime. As a result of reading her neighbor's statement which was different from her own, the accuracy of her memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This is an example of
answer
the misinformation effect.
question
The phrase "use it or lose it" refers to which theory of forgetting?
answer
disuse/decay
question
If you move from the United States to England and have trouble adjusting to driving on the left side of the road, you are experiencing
answer
proactive interference
question
Mrs. Tuttle was 97 years old and suffered from forgetfulness and mental confusion. She was probably experiencing
answer
senile dementia.
question
To answer the questions in this test, which type of memory recall will you most frequently use?
answer
recognition.
question
In the information-processing model, the first stage of memory is ____ memory.
answer
sensory
question
_________ is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.
answer
Selective attention
question
Elizabeth Loftus' research determined that
answer
what people see and hear about an event after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event.
question
In a study discussed in the textbook that researched the effects of different types of information on memory, subjects viewed a slide presentation of a traffic accident. The actual slide presentation contained a stop sign, but in a written summary of the presentation the sign was referred to as a yield sign. What were the results of this study?
answer
Subjects who were given misleading information after viewing the slides were far less accurate in their memories for the kind of sign present than were subjects who were given no such information.
question
A research study found that people who look at real visual images and then are asked to simply imagine looking at visual images
answer
are often unable to later distinguish between the images they had really seen and the imagined images.
question
A(n) ________ is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.
answer
mnemonist
question
Ebbinghaus's __________ shows that forgetting happens quickly, within the first hour after learning the lists, and then tapers off gradually.
answer
curve of forgetting
question
The ______ is the part of the brain that is responsible for the formation of new long-term declarative memories.
answer
hippocampus
question
In one study with depressed patients who were being treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), patients were tested for their memory of certain television programs both before and after the treatment. What was the result?
answer
Patients forgot more recent programs but remembered older ones.
question
Psychologists consider memory to be
answer
an active system.
question
The most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory is by using
answer
elaborative rehearsal.
question
According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _________ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.
answer
deeply processed
question
What is the best way for a person to overcome the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
answer
Stop trying to remember the information you are trying to retrieve.
question
The fact that everyone remembers that George Washington was the first president points to the primacy effect as a result of
answer
long-term memory storage.
question
Why do flashbulb memories seem so vivid and exact?
answer
Emotional reactions seem to stimulate the release of hormones that have been shown to enhance the formation of long-term memories.
question
Which of the following best describes psychologist John Kihlstrom's comments when talking about Bartlett's book on memory?
answer
Memory is more like making up a story than it is like reading a book.
question
On the internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. In addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. This pattern of organization may be very similar to how
answer
the mind organizes the information stored in long-term memory.
question
Research has found that, in studying, ______ produces the best retrieval.
answer
distributed practice
question
The removal of H. M.'s hippocampi made ________ impossible.
answer
consolidation
question
The information-processing model can be linked to
answer
cognitive psychology.
question
In interpreting Bartlett's book, Kihlstrom says that memory is
answer
a problem-solving activity.
question
The storage time of a memory depends upon
answer
the system of memory being used.
question
When memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called
answer
consolidation.
question
Research on ______ has implications for understanding learning and attention disorders, autism, and intelligence.
answer
working memory
question
In general, long-term memory is encoded
answer
in a meaningful form.
question
_________ syndrome refers to the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis.
answer
False memory
question
All models of memory involve the same _________ processes.
answer
three
question
The system of working memory processes the information in
answer
short-term memory.
question
Procedural memories
answer
are not easily retrieved into conscious awareness.
question
Little Georgie is learning the alphabet. When he recites the alphabet he says "A, B, C, D, W, X, Y, Z." This is an example of
answer
serial position effect.
question
On the way to the grocery store, James repeats his list to himself--"Bread, milk, butter. Bread, milk, butter...." James is using
answer
maintenance rehearsal.
question
________ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words, concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.
answer
Semantic
question
Long-term memory
answer
has unlimited capacity.
question
Mr. S. was a performing ______, showcasing his extraordinary memory ability.
answer
mnemonist
question
Helena lives on a very busy street in New York City. Although she makes no effort to remember how many times cars have passed down her street, when asked, she usually responds "often," or "a lot." Her ability to unconsciously notice how many cars pass down her street is a result of
answer
automatic encoding.
question
After his accident, Bryan had trouble remembering facts and events that were related to his personal life history. He was suffering from a loss of ________ memory.
answer
episodic
question
The best way to remember the name of a person you meet at a party is to
answer
associate the name with something about the person's appearance.
question
In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. This is
answer
the "cocktail-party effect."
question
Early memories before the age of 2 years tend to be implicit, which may explain
answer
infantile amnesia.
question
Eidetic imagery
answer
does not guarantee comprehension.
question
Loftus and other researchers have demonstrated that memory
answer
is a process that constantly changes.
question
Memories are more easily accessed when they are stored with more
answer
retrieval cues.
question
The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the
answer
parallel distributed processing model.
question
When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called
answer
consolidation.
question
The most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long term memory is by using
answer
elaborative rehearsal
question
The set of mental operations of that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called
answer
encoding
question
In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. this is
answer
the cocktail-party effect
question
The Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model focuses on
answer
the connections and timing of memory processes.
question
_________ allows a musician to tune a musical instrument.
answer
Echoic memory
question
To help students learn new psychology terms, Professor Williams encourages the students to think deeply about the meaning of the words by asking them to provide examples of each term, and to use each one in a sentence. professor williams is using which model of memory?
answer
levels of processing
question
Juana was certain that the man she saw in the police photograph was the man who stole her purse. Later another man confessed to the crime. This isand example of
answer
a false positive
question
Brenda called mike while he was in the middle of the meeting to ask him to pick up some milk on his way home from work . when mike got home he didn't have the milk, and brenda was angry.mike may have experienced
answer
encoding failure
question
on the internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. in addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. this pattern of organization may be very similar to how
answer
the mind organizes the mind organizes the information stored in long-term memory.
question
in real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. research suggests that after ___________, old information is replaced by new information
answer
a quarter of a second
question
one may transfer information from STM into LTM by
answer
elaborative rehearsal
question
Explicit memory begins to form after about age 2 developed
answer
when the hippocampus is more fully developed
question
Early memories before the age of 2 yeas tend to be implicit, which may explain
answer
infantile amnesia
question
An eyewitness was asked to testify in court about her memory of a crime that took place on her street. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provided her with a written statement from another neighbor who also viewed the crime. as a result of reading her neighbor's statement which was different from her own, the accuracy of her memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This an example of
answer
hindsight bias
question
Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of
answer
proactive interference
question
Memory for facts is called_______ memory because facts are things that are known and can be stated outright.
answer
declarative
question
Memories of childhood events, special birthdays or anniversaries, and things that happened to an individual on any given day are called
answer
episodic memories
question
The ________ can be used to explain how rapidly the points on the semantic network can be accessed.
answer
parallel distributed processing model
question
The information in short-term memory is
answer
conscious
question
According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _______ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.
answer
deeply processed
question
the information-processing model can be linked to
answer
cognitive psychology
question
Helena lives on a very busy street in New York City. Although she makes no effort to remember how many times cars have passed down her street, when asked, she usually responds "often", or "a lot". Her ability o unconsciously notice how many cars pass down her street is a result of
answer
automatic encoding
question
Marcos and his friends enjoy watching football together on Sundays. After some of the games are over, Marcos tells his friends that he knew all along who would will the game. Marcos' belief that he could predict the outcome of some of the games without having been told the winners in advance is an example of
answer
hindsight bias
question
Research on __________has implications for understanding learning and attention disorders, autism, and intelligence
answer
Working Memory
question
The Tower of Hanoi study found that people with anterograde amnesia
answer
still formed new procedural memories
question
________ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words,concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on
answer
semantic
question
the information-processing model of memory suggests that
answer
the process of memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages
question
As opposed to ___ memories, ___ memories are easily made conscious.
answer
implicit AND explicit
question
Higher false recall and recognition response can be predicted by
answer
symptoms of depression
question
A study conducted by Pezdek and Hodge asked children to read 5 different summaries of childhood events. Two of these events were false, but only one of the two false events were plausible. The children were all told that all of the events happened to them as small children. The results of this study indicated
answer
The the plausible false events were significantly more likely to be remembered as a false memory than were the implausible false events
question
The constructive processing view says that every time a memory is retrieved
answer
it may be altered or revised in some way
question
Ebbinghaus found that forgetting
answer
is greatest just after learning
question
Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on a date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of
answer
proactive interference
question
For what piece of information would a person be least likely to use the method of chunking?
answer
a five digit zip code
question
Your mother tells you "you could be in a room filled with noise, but you always hear what you want to hear." This statement best reflects which concept related to short term memory?
answer
selective attention
question
The __ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence
answer
Parallel distributed processing method
question
Early memories from the first few years of our lives are often difficult to bring into consciousness because they tend to be
answer
implicit
question
George Miller concluded that the capacity of the short term memory is
answer
from five to nine bits of information
question
In the __ model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are thought to be stored physically near each other in the brain
answer
semantic network
question
Eduardo is watching people walk down the street, and all of a sudden he thinks "was that man wearing a bright purple suit?" As a result of this thought, he looks back to see if it is true. Which type of memory is responsible for Eduardo's behavior?
answer
Iconic sensory
question
The __ acts as interpreter for both visual and auditory information in short term memory
answer
Central executive
question
Visual sensory memory is known as
answer
iconic memory
question
__ memory is like a giant filing system in which the files are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion
answer
long-term
question
People's memories of 9/11 are best described as
answer
flashbulb memories
question
Chris learned her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music and is better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called
answer
state-dependent learning
question
__ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved
answer
Encoding specificity
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New