question

To help students learn new psychology terms, Professor Williams encourages the students to think deeply about the meaning of the words by asking them to provide examples of each term, and to use each one in a sentence. Professor Williams is using which model of memory?

answer

levels-of-processing

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Donyelle finds that she performs better on the exams that are given in her regular psychology classroom than in the large lecture room that is used to give midterms and finals to several sections at once. Donyelle's experience illustrates

answer

the importance of retrieval cues in memory.

question

The _______ effect suggest that the first and last person interviewed for a job will be better remembered by the interviewer than all the people in the middle.

answer

serial position

question

An eyewitness was asked to testify in court about her memory of a crime that took place on her street. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provided her with a written statement from another neighbor who also viewed the crime. As a result of reading her neighbor's statement which was different from her own, the accuracy of her memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This is an example of

answer

the misinformation effect.

question

The phrase "use it or lose it" refers to which theory of forgetting?

answer

disuse/decay

question

If you move from the United States to England and have trouble adjusting to driving on the left side of the road, you are experiencing

answer

proactive interference

question

Mrs. Tuttle was 97 years old and suffered from forgetfulness and mental confusion. She was probably experiencing

answer

senile dementia.

question

To answer the questions in this test, which type of memory recall will you most frequently use?

answer

recognition.

question

In the information-processing model, the first stage of memory is ____ memory.

answer

sensory

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_________ is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

answer

Selective attention

question

Elizabeth Loftus' research determined that

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what people see and hear about an event after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event.

question

In a study discussed in the textbook that researched the effects of different types of information on memory, subjects viewed a slide presentation of a traffic accident. The actual slide presentation contained a stop sign, but in a written summary of the presentation the sign was referred to as a yield sign. What were the results of this study?

answer

Subjects who were given misleading information after viewing the slides were far less accurate in their memories for the kind of sign present than were subjects who were given no such information.

question

A research study found that people who look at real visual images and then are asked to simply imagine looking at visual images

answer

are often unable to later distinguish between the images they had really seen and the imagined images.

question

A(n) ________ is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.

answer

mnemonist

question

Ebbinghaus's __________ shows that forgetting happens quickly, within the first hour after learning the lists, and then tapers off gradually.

answer

curve of forgetting

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The ______ is the part of the brain that is responsible for the formation of new long-term declarative memories.

answer

hippocampus

question

In one study with depressed patients who were being treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), patients were tested for their memory of certain television programs both before and after the treatment. What was the result?

answer

Patients forgot more recent programs but remembered older ones.

question

Psychologists consider memory to be

answer

an active system.

question

The most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory is by using

answer

elaborative rehearsal.

question

According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _________ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.

answer

deeply processed

question

What is the best way for a person to overcome the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

answer

Stop trying to remember the information you are trying to retrieve.

question

The fact that everyone remembers that George Washington was the first president points to the primacy effect as a result of

answer

long-term memory storage.

question

Why do flashbulb memories seem so vivid and exact?

answer

Emotional reactions seem to stimulate the release of hormones that have been shown to enhance the formation of long-term memories.

question

Which of the following best describes psychologist John Kihlstrom's comments when talking about Bartlett's book on memory?

answer

Memory is more like making up a story than it is like reading a book.

question

On the internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. In addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. This pattern of organization may be very similar to how

answer

the mind organizes the information stored in long-term memory.

question

Research has found that, in studying, ______ produces the best retrieval.

answer

distributed practice

question

The removal of H. M.'s hippocampi made ________ impossible.

answer

consolidation

question

The information-processing model can be linked to

answer

cognitive psychology.

question

In interpreting Bartlett's book, Kihlstrom says that memory is

answer

a problem-solving activity.

question

The storage time of a memory depends upon

answer

the system of memory being used.

question

When memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called

answer

consolidation.

question

Research on ______ has implications for understanding learning and attention disorders, autism, and intelligence.

answer

working memory

question

In general, long-term memory is encoded

answer

in a meaningful form.

question

_________ syndrome refers to the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis.

answer

False memory

question

All models of memory involve the same _________ processes.

answer

three

question

The system of working memory processes the information in

answer

short-term memory.

question

Procedural memories

answer

are not easily retrieved into conscious awareness.

question

Little Georgie is learning the alphabet. When he recites the alphabet he says "A, B, C, D, W, X, Y, Z." This is an example of

answer

serial position effect.

question

On the way to the grocery store, James repeats his list to himself--"Bread, milk, butter. Bread, milk, butter...." James is using

answer

maintenance rehearsal.

question

________ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words, concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.

answer

Semantic

question

Long-term memory

answer

has unlimited capacity.

question

Mr. S. was a performing ______, showcasing his extraordinary memory ability.

answer

mnemonist

question

Helena lives on a very busy street in New York City. Although she makes no effort to remember how many times cars have passed down her street, when asked, she usually responds "often," or "a lot." Her ability to unconsciously notice how many cars pass down her street is a result of

answer

automatic encoding.

question

After his accident, Bryan had trouble remembering facts and events that were related to his personal life history. He was suffering from a loss of ________ memory.

answer

episodic

question

The best way to remember the name of a person you meet at a party is to

answer

associate the name with something about the person's appearance.

question

In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. This is

answer

the "cocktail-party effect."

question

Early memories before the age of 2 years tend to be implicit, which may explain

answer

infantile amnesia.

question

Eidetic imagery

answer

does not guarantee comprehension.

question

Loftus and other researchers have demonstrated that memory

answer

is a process that constantly changes.

question

Memories are more easily accessed when they are stored with more

answer

retrieval cues.

question

The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the

answer

parallel distributed processing model.

question

When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called

answer

consolidation.

question

The most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long term memory is by using

answer

elaborative rehearsal

question

The set of mental operations of that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called

answer

encoding

question

In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. this is

answer

the cocktail-party effect

question

The Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model focuses on

answer

the connections and timing of memory processes.

question

_________ allows a musician to tune a musical instrument.

answer

Echoic memory

question

To help students learn new psychology terms, Professor Williams encourages the students to think deeply about the meaning of the words by asking them to provide examples of each term, and to use each one in a sentence. professor williams is using which model of memory?

answer

levels of processing

question

Juana was certain that the man she saw in the police photograph was the man who stole her purse. Later another man confessed to the crime. This isand example of

answer

a false positive

question

Brenda called mike while he was in the middle of the meeting to ask him to pick up some milk on his way home from work . when mike got home he didn't have the milk, and brenda was angry.mike may have experienced

answer

encoding failure

question

on the internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. in addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. this pattern of organization may be very similar to how

answer

the mind organizes the mind organizes the information stored in long-term memory.

question

in real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. research suggests that after ___________, old information is replaced by new information

answer

a quarter of a second

question

one may transfer information from STM into LTM by

answer

elaborative rehearsal

question

Explicit memory begins to form after about age 2 developed

answer

when the hippocampus is more fully developed

question

Early memories before the age of 2 yeas tend to be implicit, which may explain

answer

infantile amnesia

question

An eyewitness was asked to testify in court about her memory of a crime that took place on her street. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provided her with a written statement from another neighbor who also viewed the crime. as a result of reading her neighbor's statement which was different from her own, the accuracy of her memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This an example of

answer

hindsight bias

question

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of

answer

proactive interference

question

Memory for facts is called_______ memory because facts are things that are known and can be stated outright.

answer

declarative

question

Memories of childhood events, special birthdays or anniversaries, and things that happened to an individual on any given day are called

answer

episodic memories

question

The ________ can be used to explain how rapidly the points on the semantic network can be accessed.

answer

parallel distributed processing model

question

The information in short-term memory is

answer

conscious

question

According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _______ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.

answer

deeply processed

question

the information-processing model can be linked to

answer

cognitive psychology

question

Helena lives on a very busy street in New York City. Although she makes no effort to remember how many times cars have passed down her street, when asked, she usually responds "often", or "a lot". Her ability o unconsciously notice how many cars pass down her street is a result of

answer

automatic encoding

question

Marcos and his friends enjoy watching football together on Sundays. After some of the games are over, Marcos tells his friends that he knew all along who would will the game. Marcos' belief that he could predict the outcome of some of the games without having been told the winners in advance is an example of

answer

hindsight bias

question

Research on __________has implications for understanding learning and attention disorders, autism, and intelligence

answer

Working Memory

question

The Tower of Hanoi study found that people with anterograde amnesia

answer

still formed new procedural memories

question

________ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words,concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on

answer

semantic

question

the information-processing model of memory suggests that

answer

the process of memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages

question

As opposed to ___ memories, ___ memories are easily made conscious.

answer

implicit AND explicit

question

Higher false recall and recognition response can be predicted by

answer

symptoms of depression

question

A study conducted by Pezdek and Hodge asked children to read 5 different summaries of childhood events. Two of these events were false, but only one of the two false events were plausible. The children were all told that all of the events happened to them as small children. The results of this study indicated

answer

The the plausible false events were significantly more likely to be remembered as a false memory than were the implausible false events

question

The constructive processing view says that every time a memory is retrieved

answer

it may be altered or revised in some way

question

Ebbinghaus found that forgetting

answer

is greatest just after learning

question

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on a date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of

answer

proactive interference

question

For what piece of information would a person be least likely to use the method of chunking?

answer

a five digit zip code

question

Your mother tells you "you could be in a room filled with noise, but you always hear what you want to hear." This statement best reflects which concept related to short term memory?

answer

selective attention

question

The __ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence

answer

Parallel distributed processing method

question

Early memories from the first few years of our lives are often difficult to bring into consciousness because they tend to be

answer

implicit

question

George Miller concluded that the capacity of the short term memory is

answer

from five to nine bits of information

question

In the __ model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are thought to be stored physically near each other in the brain

answer

semantic network

question

Eduardo is watching people walk down the street, and all of a sudden he thinks "was that man wearing a bright purple suit?" As a result of this thought, he looks back to see if it is true. Which type of memory is responsible for Eduardo's behavior?

answer

Iconic sensory

question

The __ acts as interpreter for both visual and auditory information in short term memory

answer

Central executive

question

Visual sensory memory is known as

answer

iconic memory

question

__ memory is like a giant filing system in which the files are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion

answer

long-term

question

People's memories of 9/11 are best described as

answer

flashbulb memories

question

Chris learned her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music and is better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called

answer

state-dependent learning

question

__ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved

answer

Encoding specificity

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