Psychology Chapter 7 Answers – Flashcards

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates
Question 1 options:

a) associative learning.

b) operant behavior.

c) higher-order conditioning.

d) spontaneous recovery.

The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father’s bass drum, she responded with fear. The fear response is most clearly an example of
Question 2 options:

a) associative learning.

b) operant behavior.

c) respondent behavior.

d) spontaneous recovery.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of
Question 3 options:

a) observable behavior.

b) cognitive processes.

c) genetic predispositions.

d) all of these factors.

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)
Question 4 options:

a) unconditional stimulus.

b) secondary conditioner.

c) spontaneous recovery.

d) conditioned stimulus.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a
Question 5 options:

a) US.

b) CR.

c) UR.

d) CS.

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin’s new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates
Question 6 options:

a) discrimination.

b) an unconditioned response.

c) spontaneous recovery.

d) observational learning.

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates
Question 7 options:

a) operant conditioning.

b) an unconditioned response.

c) generalization.

d) discrimination.

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates
Question 8 options:

a) negative reinforcement.

b) spontaneous recovery.

c) the law of effect.

d) respondent behavior.

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as
Question 9 options:

a) generalization.

b) partial reinforcement.

c) spontaneous recovery.

d) shaping.

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.
Question 10 options:

a) conditioned

b) delayed

c) primary

d) partial

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
Question 11 options:

a) variable-ratio

b) fixed-ratio

c) fixed-interval

d) variable-interval

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin’s behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
Question 12 options:

a) fixed-interval

b) fixed-ratio

c) variable-interval

d) variable-ratio

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.
Question 13 options:

a) increases; decreases

b) decreases; increases

c) decreases; decreases

d) has no effect on; has no effect on

Rats most easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with
Question 14 options:

a) bright lights.

b) novel tastes.

c) loud sounds.

d) high-pitched sounds.

An organism’s ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.
Question 15 options:

a) behaviorist

b) neuroscience

c) evolutionary

d) cognitive

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates
Question 16 options:

a) observational learning.

b) operant conditioning.

c) instinctive drift.

d) classical conditioning.

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of
Question 17 options:

a) extrinsic motivation.

b) latent learning.

c) cognitive maps.

d) mirror neurons.

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to
Question 18 options:

a) overestimate the pain and injury experienced by victims of violent crime.

b) react with a sense of distress at the sight of two children fighting on the school playground.

c) be more inhibited about personally starting a fight on the school playground.

d) perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.

If you have a “frightening experience” immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates
Question 1 options:

a) spontaneous recovery.

b) generalization.

c) operant behavior.

d) classical conditioning.

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)
Question 2 options:

a) secondary conditioner.

b) primary conditioner.

c) unconditioned stimulus.

d) conditioned stimulus.

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a
Question 3 options:

a) CS.

b) US.

c) CR.

d) UR.

Months after she was beaten up by a robber, Courtney’s heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney’s anxiety.
Question 4 options:

a) operant stimulus

b) unconditioned stimulus

c) conditioned stimulus

d) neutral stimulus

After being bitten by his neighbor’s dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of
Question 5 options:

a) extinction.

b) discrimination.

c) spontaneous recovery.

d) operant conditioning.

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the
Question 6 options:

a) CS.

b) US.

c) CR.

d) UR.

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates
Question 7 options:

a) spontaneous recovery.

b) respondent behavior.

c) successive approximations.

d) operant conditioning.

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car’s irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of
Question 8 options:

a) negative reinforcement.

b) respondent behavior.

c) spontaneous recovery.

d) secondary reinforcement.

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________.
Question 9 options:

a) conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

b) operant conditioning; classical conditioning

c) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

d) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates
Question 10 options:

a) discrimination.

b) generalization.

c) respondent behavior.

d) partial reinforcement.

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.
Question 11 options:

a) variable-ratio

b) fixed-ratio

c) fixed-interval

d) variable-interval

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior. In this case, the time-out is a
Question 12 options:

a) conditioned reinforcer.

b) punishment.

c) negative reinforcer.

d) primary reinforcer.

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by
Question 13 options:

a) cognitive maps.

b) modeling.

c) intrinsic motivation.

d) biological predispositions.

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.
Question 14 options:

a) biological predispositions

b) mirror neurons

c) latent learning

d) cognitive processes

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children’s behavior?
Question 15 options:

a) Albert Bandura

b) John B. Watson

c) Ivan Pavlov

d) B. F. Skinner

When Evie saw that her classmates got the teacher’s attention after asking questions in class, Evie started asking questions in class. This best illustrates the impact of
Question 16 options:

a) cognitive maps.

b) classical conditioning.

c) a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule.

d) vicarious reinforcement.

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who
Question 17 options:

a) consistently explained to their children the harsh consequences of immoral behavior.

b) modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.

c) consistently used psychological punishment rather than physical punishment in shaping their children’s behavior.

d) consistently used reinforcement in combination with punishment to shape their children’s moral behavior.

Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning was important because
Question 1 options:

a) so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.

b) so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned.

c) it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied objectively.

d) of all of these reasons.

Evidence that organisms are biologically predisposed to learn the associations that most readily aid their survival has been provided by
Question 2 options:

a) Skinner’s study of reinforcement.

b) Bandura’s study of observational learning.

c) Garcia and Koelling’s study of taste aversion.

d) Pavlov’s study of salivary conditioning.

Birds appear to be biologically predisposed to develop aversions to the ________ of tainted food.
Question 3 options:

a) sight

b) smell

c) taste

d) sound

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?
Question 4 options:

a) mirror neurons

b) extrinsic motives

c) cognitive maps

d) fixed-interval schedules

When given a red pen rather than a black pen for correcting essays, people spot more errors. This best illustrates the subtle impact of
Question 5 options:

a) learned associations.

b) unconditioned responding.

c) spontaneous recovery.

d) behaviorism.

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a
Question 6 options:

a) reward.

b) stimulus.

c) acquisition.

d) operant.

In Pavlov’s experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog’s mouth was the
Question 7 options:

a) Conditioned Stimulus.

b) Unconditioned Response.

c) Unconditioned Stimulus.

d) Conditioned Response.

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.
Question 8 options:

a) extinction

b) generalization

c) discrimination

d) higher-order conditioning

Some of Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of
Question 9 options:

a) discrimination.

b) spontaneous recovery.

c) extinction.

d) higher-order conditioning.

Julio’s mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. After about a week, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of
Question 10 options:

a) spontaneous recovery.

b) operant conditioning.

c) primary reinforcement.

d) classical conditioning.

Soccer instruction that reinforces short kicks before attempting to reinforce long kicks best illustrates the process of
Question 11 options:

a) discrimination.

b) shaping.

c) delayed reinforcement.

d) fixed-interval scheduling.

A mother frequently picks up her crying infant boy because the baby typically stops crying as soon as he is held. In this case, the mother is ________ when her son stops crying.
Question 12 options:

a) negatively punished

b) positively punished

c) positively reinforced

d) negatively reinforced

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
Question 13 options:

a) unpredictable number of responses have been made.

b) specified time period has elapsed.

c) unpredictable time period has elapsed.

d) specified number of responses have been made.

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of
Question 14 options:

a) intrinsic motivation.

b) latent learning.

c) instinctive drift.

d) modeling.

Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher’s behavior is most likely to undermine
Question 15 options:

a) prosocial behavior.

b) intrinsic motivation.

c) latent learning.

d) instinctive drift.

After reading a first-person account of another’s experience of overcoming obstacles to vote, university students were subsequently more likely to vote in a presidential primary election. This best illustrates the impact of
Question 16 options:

a) vicarious experience.

b) classical conditioning.

c) extrinsic motivation.

d) instinctive drift.

Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children’s development.
Question 17 options:

a) operant conditioning

b) observational learning

c) instinctive drift

d) extrinsic motivation

The violence-viewing effect is especially likely when the observed violence
Question 18 options:

a) seems unjustified.

b) is committed by an unattractive person.

c) causes visible harm.

d) goes unpunished.

Teachers who effectively shape their students’ study habits are most likely to
Question 19 options:

a) reinforce effective study with primary rather than secondary reinforcers.

b) reinforce even minor improvements in students’ study skills.

c) reinforce effective study on a fixed-interval schedule.

d) avoid the use of negative reinforcement to motivate effective study.

Although 5-year-old Katelyn is not really thirsty, she frequently begins whining for a glass of water about 10 minutes after being put to bed. Her parents would be best advised to
Question 20 options:

a) provide her with a very small drink of water.

b) simply ignore her complaining.

c) read her a short story so she forgets about wanting a drink.

d) close her bedroom door to indicate that they disapprove of her whining.