Psychology Chapter 2 Test Answers – Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Ewan Knight
hypothesis
educated guess
replication
a production of the same results after doing a study with different circumstances
survey
a study method in which people are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular subject
target population
the whole group that a researcher wants to study or describe
sample
part of the target population
random sample
a sample selected by chance from a target population; each member of the population has a chance of being selected
stratified sample
a sample in which subgroups in the population are represented proportionally
bias
predisposition to a certain point of view despite what facts suggest
volunteer bias
the prejudice a volunteer might bring to a study; usually have different outlook from people who do not volunteer
case study method
an in depth investigation of an individual or small group; psychologists use what they learn to generalize broader principles that apply to larger population
longitudinal method
a method of study in which researchers select a group of participants and then observe those participants over a period of time
cross sectional method
instead of following a set of individuals over a number of years, researchers select a sample that includes different ages
naturalistic observation method
observing someone as they act naturally and interact with others; aka field study
laboratory observation method
a method of study that controls a setting and allows for experimentation and observation
correlation
measure of how closely one thing is related to another
positive correlation
a relation in which when one variable goes up, the other goes up ex. achievement and salary
negative correlation
a relation in which when one variable goes up, the other goes down ex. stress and health
experiment
method researchers use to answer questions about cause and effect
variables
factors that can vary or change
independent variable
factor that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect
dependent variable
factor that relies on the changes made to the independent variable
experimental group
the group in experiment that receives the treatment
control group
the group in experiment that does not receive a treatment
controlled experiment
an experiment that has both an experimental group and a control group
placebo effect
substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person’s belief in its effect
single blind study
a study in which participants do not know they are in the experimental group or the control group
double blind study
study in which both the participants and the researchers are unaware of who is the experimental or control group; uses experiment organizer
central tendency
number that describes average score of a distribution
standard deviation
measure of distance of every score from the mean; subtract the mean from each score
ethics
standards for proper and responsible behavior
APA
the american psychological association; sets restrictions against studies, etc.
informed consent
people agree to the research only after they have been given an overview of the research and have been given the choice of participation
animal research
the use of animals in psychological studies; usually not harmed but cases in which they are harmed causes controversy; used as last alternative
