Psychology Chapter 11 Test Questions – Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Jaxon Craft
Intelligence
the ability to
Learn from experience
Solve problems (abstract concepts and speed)
Use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Learn from experience
Solve problems (abstract concepts and speed)
Use knowledge to adapt to new situations
concept
Psychologists believe intelligence is a
reification
viewing an abstract immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing.
general mental ability
Intelligence tests measure
aptitude tests
designed to measure potential of the test taker; predict how they will perform in the future
achievement tests
gauge a person’s mastery and knowledge of various subjects
standardized
the uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test
1. Test-makers give the test to a sample of people.
2. Individuals who later take the same test have their scores compared to the initial (standard) set of scores.
3. These standard scores are updated periodically.
In other words, standardized tests tell you how you score relative to other test takers.
2. Individuals who later take the same test have their scores compared to the initial (standard) set of scores.
3. These standard scores are updated periodically.
In other words, standardized tests tell you how you score relative to other test takers.
To enable meaningful comparison
Percentile score
indicates the percentage of people who score the same or higher than the score one has obtained.
consistent results
A test is reliable when it yields
Split-half Reliability
Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.
Reliability using different tests
Using different forms of the test to measure consistency between them
Test-Retest Reliability
Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency
what the test is supposed to measure or predict.
Validity of a test refers to
1. Content Validit
2. Predictive Validity
3. Construct Validity
2. Predictive Validity
3. Construct Validity
three types of validity
Content Validity
Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait
Predictive Validity
Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait
Construct Validity
the extent to which evidence shows that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct (intelligence, creativity, personality)
Sir Francis Galton
notable for his studies on genetic influence of intelligence
intelligence is passed from generation to generation through genes.
Galton concluded that success runs in families because
Galton
__________coined the phrase nature vs. nurture to refer to the heredity-environment issue.
Galton
Leader in the eugenics movement
eugenics
belief that only genetically “superior”
Alfred Binet: (1905)
devised a test to identify mentally subnormal children who could benefit from special education programs in France
Binet-Simon scale
scale expressed a child’s score in terms of mental age
mental age
the chronological age that corresponds to the difficulty of questions a child can answer
Lewis Terman
adapted Binet’s tests as the Stanford-Binet IQ test
Intelligence Quotient
a child’s mental age divided by chronological age (created by William Stern)
Lewis Terman
Promoted the use of widespread intelligence testing
David Wechsler
created the first high-quality IQ test designed specifically for adults
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(WAIS)
1. Included non-verbal reasoning skills.
2. Discarded IQ in favor of a new scoring scheme based on the normal distribution, which is now used by most intelligence tests
2. Discarded IQ in favor of a new scoring scheme based on the normal distribution, which is now used by most intelligence tests
Two major innovations of the WAIS
Charles Spearman
pioneer in use of factor analysis
factor analysis
correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
the “g” factor
a general mental ability.
Intellectual disability
refers to subnormal general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills
intellectually disabled
children with an IQ below 70-75 are deemed
Down syndrome
marked by distinctive physical characteristics
most cases carry extra chromosome
most cases carry extra chromosome
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
metabolic disorder caused by inherited enzyme deficiency
Hydrocephaly
excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the skull destroys brain tissue
1. Down syndrome
2. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
3. Hydrocephaly
2. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
3. Hydrocephaly
organic conditions that can cause mental retardation
130
Gifted children usually have an IQ at
1. high intelligence
2. high creativity
3. high motivation
2. high creativity
3. high motivation
Whether one becomes an eminent adult
depends on three intersecting factors:
depends on three intersecting factors:
Savant syndrome
rare condition in which people with developmental disorders have one or more areas of expertise, ability, or brilliance that are in contrast with the individual’s overall limitations
twin studies
In order to assess the plausibility of genetic determination of intelligence, researches use
+.86
similar
similar
The average correlation between identical twins’ is ___ indicating that identical twins tend to be quite ________ in intelligence
+.60
Fraternal twins’ average correlation is
environment
Adoption studies showcase the influence of
on intelligence
on intelligence
biological
Adopted children closely resemble their _______
parents in intelligence
parents in intelligence
statistically significant and positive
However correlations for adopted children and their adoptive parents are
increased
Evidence is showing that performance on IQ tests has steadily ____________
over generations.
over generations.
“Flynn Effect”
Evidence showing that performance on IQ tests has steadily increased over generations.
lower
The average IQ for many minority groups in the US is somewhat _____________
than the average white American.
than the average white American.
heredity
Some psychologists conclude the discrepancy between racial IQs results from
environment
Some researchers conclude that ___________
not heredity, is the cause of ethic differences in IQ.
not heredity, is the cause of ethic differences in IQ.
disadvantaged environment
Minority students test scores are lower because these students tend to grow up in a
More likely to come from large or single-parent families.
Exposed to fewer books and outlets for learning.
Have poorer role models for language development.
Experience less encouragement to work hard on intellectual pursuits.
Attend schools that are underfunded and understaffed.
Grow up in neighborhoods where “street smarts” are more revered than “book smarts”.
Suffer from malnutrition.
Exposed to fewer books and outlets for learning.
Have poorer role models for language development.
Experience less encouragement to work hard on intellectual pursuits.
Attend schools that are underfunded and understaffed.
Grow up in neighborhoods where “street smarts” are more revered than “book smarts”.
Suffer from malnutrition.
In comparison to middle and upper classes, lower class children are
Claude Steel
argued that negative stereotypes of stigmatized groups’ intellectual abilities create feeling of vulnerability in the classroom
stereotype threat.
negative stereotypes of stigmatized groups’ intellectual abilities create feeling of vulnerability
Gray matter
neural density of cell bodies and dendrites; predictive of information-processing capabilities
White matter
quantity of axons and their degree of myelin insulation; predicative of the efficiency of neural communication.
1. Good genes could foster both higher intelligence and resilient health.
2. Health self-care is a life-long mission for which brighter people are better prepared.
3. Intelligence fosters career success and higher social status reduces mortality.
2. Health self-care is a life-long mission for which brighter people are better prepared.
3. Intelligence fosters career success and higher social status reduces mortality.
Studies suggest three possible reasons for
smarter people live longer:
smarter people live longer:
Robert Sternberg
focuses his research on how people use their intelligence.
1. analytical intelligence
2. creative intelligence
3. practical intelligence
2. creative intelligence
3. practical intelligence
three facets that characterize the “triarchic theory”
analytical intelligence
abstract reasoning, evaluation and judgment
creative intelligence
ability to generate new ideas and be inventive in dealing with novel problems
practical intelligence
application and use for everyday tasks
Howard Gardner
believed that IQ tests emphasize verbal and mathematical skills to the exclusion of other important skills
1. Verbal-Linguistic
2. Logical- Mathematical
3. Bodily-Kinesthetic
4. Visual-Spatial
5. Musical-Rhythmic
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
8. Naturalistic
2. Logical- Mathematical
3. Bodily-Kinesthetic
4. Visual-Spatial
5. Musical-Rhythmic
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
8. Naturalistic
Howard Gardner’s list of multiple intelligences
3
before the age of __ intelligence tests generally do not predict future scores
predictive validity
The _______________________ of intelligence tests is not as high as their reliability
intelligence
a certain level of ___________ is necessary but not sufficient for creativity
savant syndrome
The existence of _______ reinforces the generally accepted notion that intelligence is a multidimensional quality
creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.
increases social isolation between the groups.
promotes racial segregation and prejudice.
increases social isolation between the groups.
promotes racial segregation and prejudice.
Sorting children into gifted and nongifted education groups
predict school performance in children.
The test created by Alfred Binet was designed specifically to
reification
By creating a label such as “gifted,” we begin to act as if all children are naturally divided into two categories, gifted and nongifted. This logical error is referred to as:
Reification
the error of creating a concept and then assuming the created concept has a concrete reality
William Stern
The formula for the intelligence quotient was devised by
the amount by which the test-taker’s performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age
Current intelligence tests compute an individual’s intelligence score as
7
By which age does a child’s performance on an intelligence tests stabilize?
the children were healthy and well-adjusted, and did well academically
In his study of children with high intelligence scores, Terman found that
About 1% of the population is mentally retarded.
More males than females are mentally retarded.
A majority of the mentally retarded can learn academic skills.
More males than females are mentally retarded.
A majority of the mentally retarded can learn academic skills.
Which of the following statements is true?
spatial abilities
High levels of male hormones during prenatal development may enhance
Neither education level nor intelligence scores accurately predict income
Which of the following is not cited as evidence of the reciprocal relationship between schooling and intelligence?
Both genes and life experiences significantly influence performance on intelligence tests.
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the text’s position regarding the relative contribution of genes and environment in determining intelligence?
