Psychology Chapter 10 – Flashcards
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Dr. Spinella's research focuses on the effects of early parenting practices on future behavioural tendencies of children. It is most likely that Dr. Spinella is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. developmental b. industrial/organizational c. physiological d. environmental
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a
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What psychological disorder did the Genain quadruplets all have? a. Schizophrenia b. Autism c. Learning disabilities d. Bipolar disorder
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a
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Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? a. Believing that because someone is specially trained, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete b. Believing that because someone has benefitted from the best coaching, he or she will have a good chance of becoming a professional athlete c. Believing that because someone is muscular in body type, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete d. Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes
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d
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The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called a. abnormal psychology. b. gerontology. c. human development. d. maturational studies.
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c
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A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of a. abnormal psychology. b. gerontology. c. human development. d. maturational studies.
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c
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A researcher has studied a group of patients who have a rare terminal type of cancer, and has found that they all were regular cranberry juice drinkers. He concluded that drinking cranberry juice led to the development of the rare cancer. In this case, the researcher has most likely made an error in judgment due to a. bidirectional influences. b. the availability heuristic. c. cohort effects. d. the post hoc fallacy.
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d
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Dr. Brady studies parenting practices and childhood dispositions. He has found a relationship between the two variables, and concludes that if parents treat their children with warmth and care, then their children will be well-adjusted and emotionally healthy. What problem would be associated with Dr. Brady's conclusion? a. The post hoc fallacy b. Bidirectional influences c. Cohort effects d. Confirmation bias
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b
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Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioural change over time? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional
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b
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In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. correlational d. cross-sectional
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b
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively inexpensive. c. It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
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d
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Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional
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b
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A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. correlational d. cross-sectional
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d
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Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humour. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional
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d
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Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively expensive. c. It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
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a
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The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, etc., to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a a. longitudinal design. b. cross-sectional design. c. cohort research design. d. correlational research design.
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a
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When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span, which of the following research designs would be most informative? a. Longitudinal design b. Cross-sectional design c. Cohort research design d. Correlational research design
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a
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Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? a. Case study research design b. Cohort research design c. Correlational research design d. Cross-sectional research design
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a
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Cohort effects are to _________________ as developmental effects are to __________________. a. nurture; nature b. correlations; experiments c. cross-sectional designs; longitudinal designs d. genetics; environment
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c
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Dr. Kiwanis is conducting a longitudinal study on the development of externalizing behaviours in children. He samples children each year as they age, but has found that each year, his sample size is getting smaller because families are dropping out of the study. This is called ___________. a. developmental effects b. cohort effects c. attrition d. infant determinism
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c
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Dr. Aragio is a pediatrician and is constantly advising parents to carefully monitor the experiences their children have within the first three years of life, as these are the most crucial in their psychological and physical development. Which view of development is consistent with Dr. Aragio's advice? a. Childhood fragility b. Infant determinism c. Resiliency hypothesis d. Constructivism
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b
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Which of the following is not one of the intersections of nature and nurture in developmental psychology? a. Gene expression b. Gene-environment interactions c. Natural selection of traits d. Nature via nurture
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c
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________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences. a. Nature; nurture b. Cognition; emotion c. Nurture; behavioural genetics d. Cross-sectional; longitudinal
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a
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Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement? a. Nature versus nurture b. Cognition versus emotion c. Classical versus operant conditioning d. Cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
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a
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Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research? a. Nature b. Nurture c. School district superintendent d. Teacher appraisals of performance
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b
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Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11th child, who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ______________ as evidenced in the _____________________. a. nurture; nature versus nurture controversy b. nature; nature versus nurture controversy c. environmental factors; conception theory d. teratogens; conception theory
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b
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Sally has genes that predispose her to anxiety problems. However, she was not an anxious person until she was the victim of a mugging. This provides an example of the phenomenon of _______________. a. nature via nurture b. gene expression c. infant determinism d. gene-environment interaction
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b
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Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? a. Most researchers are either pro-nature or pro-nurture when describing the causes of human behaviour. b. People with genetic predispositions for anxiety will eventually express this type of behaviour. c. Gene expression is not substantially influenced by the environment. d. Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behaviour.
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d
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The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. a. blastocyst b. embryonic c. zygotic d. fetal
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b
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The term ________ refers to a ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part. a. embryo b. blastocyst c. fetus d. neonate
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b
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The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the _______________ period. a. blastocyst b. embryonic c. zygotic d. fetal
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d
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Which of the following describes the fetal period? a. The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b. The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop c. The period during which the umbilical cord develops d. The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional
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d
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Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing? a. Blastocyst b. Embryonic c. Zygotic d. Fetal
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d
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At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg, creating a new cell called a(n) a. blastocyst. b. embryo. c. zygote. d. genome.
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c
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In the process of fertilization the ________ and _________ unite, resulting in a single cell. a. sperm; egg b. zygote; sperm c. embryo; zygote d. egg; fetus
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a
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Which of the following describes the embryonic period? a. The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b. The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop c. The period during which the umbilical cord develops d. The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional
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b
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Tara is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tara currently experiencing? a. Fetal b. Embryonic c. Placental d. Germinal
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b
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Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only 2 cm long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the a. fetal stage. b. embryonic stage. c. placental stage. d. germinal stage.
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b
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A fertilized cell is called a(n) ______________ when it consists of identical cells that have not begun to take on specific functions, and a(n) ______________ once the cells begin to differentiate and form bodily structures and organs. a. zygote; embryo b. blastocyst; fetus c. embryo; fetus d. blastocyst; embryo
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d
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At what point in a pregnancy has the heart begun to beat in the developing child? a. By 18 days after fertilization b. By the ninth week c. By the second trimester d. At the moment of birth
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b
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Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring about a birth defect? a. Teratogen b. Critical period c. Carcinogen d. Biohazard
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a
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Greta's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing? a. Nicotine b. Cocaine c. Marijuana d. Alcohol
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d
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What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant? a. Increased birth weight and lethargy b. Lower birth weight and short stature c. Severe hearing loss and heart defects d. Severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms
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b
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The process of _______________ is responsible for the remarkable rate of neural development in the fetal brain. a. proliferation b. neural plasticity c. neural migration d. neurogenesis
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a
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Which of the following is not an example of a teratogen? a. A mother contracting the H1N1 flu during pregnancy b. A mother consuming alcoholic beverages during pregnancy c. A mother who uses harsh chemicals to colour and perm her hair d. A mother who suffers from depression while she is pregnant
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c
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Problems such as ___________________ pose a higher risk of infant death, infection, and developmental disorders than premature delivery. a. low birth weight b. difficult labour and delivery c. lack of nourishment from breast milk d. overdue delivery
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a
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The viability point, the point in pregnancy at which infants can typically survive on their own is around ____________weeks. a. 18 b. 25 c. 36 d. 40
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b
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The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to a. open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. b. close the eyes when startled by loud noises. c. cry when approached by unfamiliar people. d. stand up and attempt to walk when placed on the knees.
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a
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Infant reflexes are a. innate involuntary behaviour patterns. b. voluntary behaviour patterns. c. learned. d. not used as a means for survival.
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a
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Allison is a new mother, and notices that when she gently touches her daughter's cheek, she opens her mouth and tries to suck on Allison's finger. This reflex is called the a. sucking reflex. b. rooting reflex. c. babkin reflex. d. moro reflex.
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b
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_______________ is learned through trial and error, whereas _______________ is a reflexive behaviour. a. Grasping; rooting b. Walking; grasping c. Crawling; sucking d. Standing; crawling
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c
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Research on children's development of motor milestones suggests that a. this process is primarily a biological one and reflects innately programmed changes consistent across cultures. b. motor developments are dependent on physical maturation, which is guided by our biological changes. c. motor development is purely an environmental process, and is not limited by physiological constraints. d. while there are physiological limits on development, parenting styles and culture shape the variations in motor development.
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d
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Which of the following infants is most likely to have the fastest motor development? a. An infant born in Peru b. An infant born in the West Indies c. An infant born in Northern Canada to an Inuit family d. An infant born in China
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b
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Over the course of development, the absolute size of the head continues to ______________, but grows at a _____________ rate than the torso or legs. a. decrease; slower b. increase; slower c. decrease; faster d. decrease; faster
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b
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The size of the head, in proportion to the rest of the body, is about _____ percent of the total height when an individual is 5 months old. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30
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d
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The size of the head, in proportion to the rest of the body, is about _____ percent of the total height when an individual is 26 years old. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30
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a
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The body's reproductive organs are called a. thyroid glands. b. primary sex characteristics. c. secondary sex characteristics. d. adrenal glands.
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b
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Breast development is to ______________ sex characteristics as penis enlargement is to ______________ sex characteristics. a. primary; primary b. primary; secondary c. secondary; primary d. secondary; secondary
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c
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What is the best explanation for why the age of menarche has decreased over the past century from around 15 to around 13 years of age? a. Advances in technology correspond to an earlier age of being able to carry an infant to term. b. Evolutionary changes are linked to taller and more physically strong women that develop earlier. c. The change is probably due primarily to better nutrition and health care. d. The decrease reflects the revolving cycle where women are having children younger and, in turn, the age of reproduction of their children is younger, and so on.
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c
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Physical maturity is most closely related to the onset of which of the following? a. Spermarche b. Menarche c. Androgens d. Secondary sex characteristics
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b
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During menarche adolescents experience a. the end of menstruation. b. the first ejaculation. c. the start of menstruation. d. voice changes.
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c
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Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? a. Voice change b. Ovaries c. Sperm d. Genitals
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a
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Puberty is associated with the onset of a. generativity. b. menopause. c. menarche. d. dementia.
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c
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Menopause refers to a. the loss of sexual interest occurring in late adulthood. b. the onset of puberty in early adulthood. c. the loss of sexual potency in late adulthood. d. the end of the menstruation period in middle adulthood.
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d
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The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.
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c
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Sarah is in her forties. Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing "hot flashes" that are keeping her awake at night. The changes Sarah is experiencing are called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.
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c
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The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.
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c
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Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing a. hot flashes. b. depression. c. a significant loss of appetite. d. a significant loss of physical energy.
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a
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______________ tasks are more affected by aging in adulthood relative to ___________ tasks. a. Cognitive; motor b. Simple; cognitive c. Complex; simple d. Motor; complex
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c
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Researchers who study ___________________ examine how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember. a. moral development b. cognitive development c. psychosocial development d. emotional development
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b
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Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. a. cognitive b. social c. identity d. psychosocial
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a
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Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______ development. a. cognitive b. social c. identity d. psychosocial
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a
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Theories of cognitive development can be differentiated based on all of the following except a. whether development was stagelike or continuous. b. what was proposed as the principle source of learning. c. whether changes resulted from environmental or genetic influences. d. whether developmental accounts were domain-general or domain-specific.
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c
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Piaget believed that cognitive change is marked by _______________, which refers to maintaining a balance between our experience in the world and our thoughts about it. a. assimilation b. equilibration c. accommodation d. constructivism
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b
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According to Piaget, what are the two adjustment processes that children use to maintain equilibration? a. Sensorimotor experiences and egocentrism b. Concrete and formal operations c. Accommodation and assimilation d. Object permanence and conservation
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c
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According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of a. conservation and scaffolding. b. maturation and conservation. c. egocentrism and constructivism. d. assimilation and accommodation.
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d
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Sarah has developed a sucking scheme as a way of understanding objects around her. Sarah's behaviour of sucking on a harmonica to make music is an example of a. assimilation. b. conservation. c. equilibration. d. accommodation.
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a
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Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Marko's revised views on red go-carts illustrates a. equilibration. b. accommodation. c. conservation. d. assimilation.
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b
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Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational
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b
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Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. Preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations b. Concrete operations; sensorimotor; preoperational; formal operations c. Sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations d. Preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete operations; formal operations
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c
question
In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational
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c
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Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. centration. d. egocentrism.
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b
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During the sensorimotor stage, children lack both object permanence and ________________. a. conservation b. deferred imitation c. egocentrism d. preoperations
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b
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Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. centration. d. egocentrism.
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b
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Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behaviour suggest she is in? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational
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c
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According to Piaget, ___________ represents the beginning of the child's language development and symbolic thought. a. conservation b. object permanence c. centration d. egocentrism
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b
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According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational
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b
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Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage? a. Abstract concepts b. Object permanence c. Hypothetical thinking d. Egocentrism
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d
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What term is used to describe a child's inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes except his or her own? a. Disparity b. Narcissism c. Egocentrism d. Autonomy
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c
question
According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as a. centration. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. reversibility.
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c
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 11 years of age, in which an individual becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking, is the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational
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d
question
In which of Piaget's stages does the child develop conservation? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational
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d
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Which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of theories? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational
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a
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A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operational stage is a. irreversibility. b. egocentrism. c. abstract thinking. d. logical thinking.
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c
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Which type of thought does not begin until the stage of formal operational thought? a. Thinking about what is possible b. Thinking about what is logical c. Thinking about whether an object exists when it is out of sight d. Thinking about only one feature of an object rather than taking all features into consideration
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a
question
Piaget's theory provided a ________________ account of cognitive development, and Vygotsky's theory was considered a _________________. a. stagelike; continuous b. continuous; stagelike c. domain-specific; domain-general d. domain-general; domain-specific
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d
question
During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor
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d
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Karla understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Karla is in Piaget's ________ stage of development. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational
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c
question
When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmen looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmen has developed a. object permanence. b. equilibration. c. assimilation. d. conservation.
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a
question
According to Piaget, egocentrism involves a. the perception that others view the world as you do. b. the perception that things exist even if not picked up by your senses. c. the perception that you might be incorrect in your judgments. d. the perception that others view the world differently than you do.
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a
question
Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark's behaviour represents a. difficulty with formal operational tasks. b. an inability to accommodate. c. an inability to conserve. d. an inability to assimilate.
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c
question
Piaget overestimated the degree to which a. prenatal factors influence the rate at which skills emerge. b. cultural factors influence the rate of skill development. c. social factors influence skill development. d. object permanence develops in children.
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d
question
An inability to perform conservation tasks is associated with the _____________ stage, whereas children lacking in object permanence would be in the _____________ stage. a. concrete operational; preoperational b. preoperational; sensorimotor c. sensorimotor; concrete operational d. formal operational; preoperational
answer
b
question
A seven-year-old is asked to imagine he has a third eye, which could be placed anywhere on the body. When asked where he would like to place the extra eye, the seven-year-old is likely to say a. "Between my other two eyes." b. "On my back." c. "In the palm of my hand." d. "In my stomach."
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a
question
Which of the following is not a criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. The methodologies may be culturally biased. b. Children's ability to report their reasoning influenced interpretations. c. Children's development may be more stagelike than Piaget believed. d. Some children operated at different stage levels for different tasks.
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c
question
During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? a. Preoperational b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Sensorimotor
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c
question
Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage. a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. concrete operations d. preoperational
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c
question
According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage. a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. preoperational d. concrete operations
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d
question
According to Piaget, egocentrism is to ________ as conservation is to ________. a. preoperations; formal operations b. preoperations; concrete operations c. formal operations; preoperations d. concrete operations; formal operations
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b
question
Piaget's theory applies to such topics as a. predicting cognitive developmental gains in college students. b. exploring gender differences in cognitive development. c. creating lesson plans for first grade students. d. designing high school curricula for gifted and talented students.
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c
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Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first prime minister were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget's stages to answer thoroughly? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Formal operations d. Concrete operations
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c
question
Piaget acknowledged that some children progressed more in one cognitive domain than another, a phenomenon he called _____________. a. cross-stage progression b. perioperational c. horizontal décalage d. multimodal cognition
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c
question
Nathan is trying to construct a pendulum to figure out what makes a pendulum swing faster or slower. At his current stage of cognitive development, he is unable to successfully construct this himself, but is receptive to learning the skill with the assistance of others. According to Vygotsky, what developmental stage is Nathan at? a. Scaffolding b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Zone of proximal development
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d
question
According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from a. genetics. b. biological maturation. c. innate intelligence. d. scaffolding.
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d
question
Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to a. biological changes in the brain. b. unconscious factors. c. interaction between a child and skilled people. d. completing activities in isolation.
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c
question
According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development? a. Balanced diet b. Social interactions c. Genetic endowment d. Successful resolution of psychosocial crises
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b
question
Which of the following statements is representative of Vygotsky's approach to learning? a. One's course of cognitive development can be significantly influenced by instructional style and scaffolding. b. All children pass through the same cognitive developmental stages at similar points in time. c. One's course of cognitive development is genetically fixed and cannot be significantly influenced by social factors. d. To prevent frustration, children should be presented with tasks that they can fully complete unaided.
answer
a
question
As compared to Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to a. stand upright for the first time. b. speak for the first time. c. crawl for the first time. d. cross a street safely for the first time.
answer
d
question
Most contemporary theories of cognitive development differ from both Piaget and Vygotsky as they argue that learning is a. dependent on personality factors. b. gradual rather than stagelike. c. based on general domains rather than modules. d. dependent on innate knowledge not social interaction.
answer
b
question
Which is true concerning research related to the "Mozart Effect"? a. No evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. b. Currently the market for classical music videos and toys has dropped off. c. Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. d. Strong evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning.
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c
question
Which of the following is not one of the flags of critical thinking that is related to the Mozart Effect? a. Occam's razor b. Ruling out rival hypotheses c. Falsifiability d. Replicability
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b
question
The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects a. a pro-nurture perspective. b. a belief that genes set limits on cognitive ability. c. a pro-nature perspective. d. a belief that cognitive ability is genetically determined.
answer
a
question
If little Timmy is given an object permanence task where his response is not reliant on physical coordination, research suggests that he should demonstrate an understanding of object permanence by a. around 5 months old. b. around 8 months old. c. around 12 months old. d. around 16 months old.
answer
a
question
Research has demonstrated that children learn ____________________ very early in cognitive development, and prefer novel stimuli to pictures of stimuli they are already familiar with. a. accommodation b. assimilation c. categorization d. conservation
answer
c
question
Both infants and adults may hold misconceptions about the behaviour of physical objects in the world. This is known as ______________. a. object impermanence b. naïve physics c. personal fables d. theory of mind
answer
b
question
In tests of self-concept, approximately how old are infants before they can recognize themselves in a mirror as distinct from another child? a. Approximately 5 months old b. Approximately 1 year old c. Approximately 1.5 years old d. Approximately 2 years old
answer
b
question
Researchers are testing 3 groups of children aged 2½, 3½, and 4½ years old. In order to determine whether they have attained theory of mind, they give each group of children the ___________ task, which examines children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong. a. conservation b. object permanence c. self-concept d. false belief
answer
d
question
At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a a. sense of self-reflection. b. theory of mind. c. sense of identity. d. self-concept.
answer
b
question
What is one of the most difficult mathematical concepts for children to master? a. Counting in a numerical series. b. That the size of entities is irrelevant to quantity. c. Numeric words refer to specific quantities of an object. d. The ordinality of numbers.
answer
b
question
Johnny has two mini-donuts and his sister has two full-sized donuts. Johnny's understanding that he and his sister have the same number of donuts even though hers are bigger illustrates that he a. knows that numbers are an amount. b. knows that number words refer to specific quantities. c. knows that the size of entities isn't relevant to quantity. d. knows that numbers are ordered from smallest to largest in quantity.
answer
c
question
Jerry is considered a reckless 17-year old by his parents. He often engages in risky behaviour, drives too fast, has been caught experimenting with drugs and alcohol, and has gotten into numerous fights with peers. From a biological perspective, Jerry's behaviour can be explained by a lack of maturation of the ______________ until late adolescence or early adulthood. a. hypothalamus b. parietal lobes c. frontal lobes d. limbic system
answer
c
question
According to David Elkind, adolescents who feel that they are unique, special, and invincible are operating under what he referred to as _____________. a. a personal fable b. false beliefs c. an identity crisis d. a zone of proximal development
answer
a
question
Older adults perform ___________ on most _____________ tests than do younger adults. a. better; vocabulary and knowledge b. better; free recall c. worse; recognition memory d. worse; problem solving
answer
a
question
In general, which of the following individuals would show the highest performance on a series of vocabulary and knowledge tests? a. 73 year old Joan b. 45 year old Leslie c. 26 year old Edward d. 17 year old Sienna
answer
a
question
A zookeeper finds that a flock of geese follow her wherever she moves because she is the first object that they see after hatching. What is this situation an example of? a. Imprinting b. Trust c. Contact comfort d. Insecure attachment
answer
a
question
Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that a. early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers. b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. c. surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses. d. surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.
answer
b
question
Infants are extremely sociable and seek out interactions with others until approximately 8 months of age, when they start to experience _______________. a. imprinting b. attachment c. stranger anxiety d. critical periods
answer
c
question
Carla's parents have been pleased at what a happy baby she has been around any adult, but start to become concerned when at around 8 months old, Carla begins to cry and become upset when others try to play with her. According to this example, Carla is most likely reacting this way due to _____________. a. imprinting b. stranger anxiety c. attachment formation d. critical periods
answer
b
question
According to Lorenz, if newly hatched geese are kept isolated for the first 36 hours after birth, they do not experience _______________, which he suggested as a _______________ for attachment. a. imprinting; sensitive period b. contact comfort; critical period c. imprinting; critical period d. contact comfort; sensitive period
answer
c
question
Ben rescues a cat from an alley in his neighbourhood. The cat is about 2 years old and appears to have lived on the street since it was born. Despite what Ben tries, he is having a lot of trouble getting the cat behave less "wildly" and to bond with him. According to attachment research, what is the best explanation for this situation? a. Kittens have a critical period for bonding to humans within the first week after birth. b. Wild cats take awhile to respond to touch but will eventually experience contact comfort. c. Animals that have been abandoned also develop insecure attachment styles. d. Cats appear to have a sensitive period after which bonding to humans is difficult.
answer
d
question
Which of the following is an example of imprinting? a. A young child imitates the behaviours of older siblings. b. A young child's behaviour is influenced by peer pressure. c. Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball. d. Young geese scatter away in fear when a ball approaches them.
answer
c
question
Against prevailing ideas at the time, Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys in the 1950s demonstrated that attachment was a. associated with the nourishment supplied by mothers by providing milk and food. b. not determined by nourishment or comfort as monkeys did not bond to either surrogate. c. dependent upon biological relations as greatest bonding occurs in mother-infant pairs. d. more associated with contact comfort than providing nourishment and sustenance.
answer
d
question
Which of the following statements about temperament is accurate? a. Temperament reflects basic emotional styles, is early appearing, and largely genetic in origin. b. Temperament is an extension of our personality and is shaped by our early attachment experiences. c. Temperament develops by the age of around 2, when infants have learned a consistent way of responding to situations. d. Temperaments are environmentally determined and difficult to change once established.
answer
a
question
Which of the following is not one of the three major temperamental styles? a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Difficult c. Anxious d. Easy
answer
c
question
Frederica is an infant who is easily scared by unfamiliar faces, loud noises, or moving toys. Her temperament style would be classified as _________________. a. slow-to-warm-up b. difficult c. anxious d. behavioural inhibition
answer
d
question
What percentage of children could be classified as behaviourally inhibited? a. 10 b. 15 c. 25 d. 40
answer
a
question
In contrast to attachment style, temperament is ___________________. a. late appearing and environmentally determined b. early appearing and environmentally determined c. early appearing and genetic in origin d. late appearing and genetic in origin
answer
c
question
Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research? a. More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-avoidant category as compared to North American infants. b. Infants from Japan are more likely to react to their mom's departure with indifference as compared to North American infants. c. More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious category as compared to North American infants. d. More infants from North America display disorganized attachments as compared to infants from Japan.
answer
c
question
Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that a. most infants are not upset with the mom when she departs because they know she will return shortly. b. most infants are happy with the mom when she departs and they remain happy with her when she returns. c. most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns. d. most infants are upset with the mom when she departs and remain upset at her when she returns.
answer
c
question
The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called a. temperament. b. trust. c. attachment. d. habituation.
answer
c
question
Attachment usually takes place within the __________of life. a. first year b. first month c. first six months d. first four months
answer
c
question
What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation? a. The nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies b. Aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment c. Parental discipline styles in the first year of life d. The nature of attachment between caretakers and babies
answer
d
question
Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants a. do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return. b. protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns. c. cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns. d. are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return.
answer
c
question
Mothers who were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting were associated with ___________ attached infants. a. securely b. avoidant c. ambivalent d. disorganized
answer
b
question
____________ attached babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore, very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence, protested mightily when the mother left, were hard to soothe, and had mixed reactions upon mother's return. a. Securely b. Avoidant c. Anxious d. Disorganized
answer
c
question
Children involved in "Strange Situation" research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks a. honesty. b. integrity. c. validity. d. reliability.
answer
d
question
When placed in "Strange Situations" with surrogate mothers, Harlow's monkeys demonstrated signs of a. imprinting. b. authoritative attachment. c. insecure attachment. d. stranger anxiety.
answer
c
question
Research involving the "Strange Situation" stress test reveals that a. most infants are happy when their mothers leave and are upset when they return. b. most infants are upset when their mothers leave and are happy when they return. c. most infants are not upset when their mothers leave because they believe that she will return shortly. d. most infants are upset when their mothers leave and when they return because they feel neglected.
answer
b
question
Mariska's mother has just left her in a strange situation. She responds with panic initially, and when her mother returns, seeks attention from her mother by reaching for her but yet squirms when her mother picks her up. It is most likely that Mariska has a(n) _______________ attachment style. a. secure b. anxious c. avoidant d. disorganized
answer
b
question
Concluding that the results of the Strange Situation Test determine an infant's attachment is associated with a. high reliability. b. the mono-operation bias. c. the confirmation bias. d. a lack of falsifiability.
answer
b
question
Decades of research on parenting styles has indicated that a. social development of children can suffer if they have genetic predispositions toward problem behaviours that cannot be corrected by parenting styles. b. if parents provide their children with the average expectable environment, then most of their children will probably turn out just fine. c. authoritative parenting styles are associated with the most successful attachments, temperaments, and well-adjusted children that are social and emotionally healthy into adulthood. d. the most appropriate parenting style to use may vary according to the temperament of the child, and should all vary in levels of permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness.
answer
b
question
Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. a. strict; slow b. strict; quick c. lenient; slow d. lenient; quick
answer
b
question
The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead they shape their children's behaviours by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles a. authoritarian parenting. b. authoritative parenting. c. permissive parenting. d. uninvolved parenting.
answer
c
question
Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching. a. permissive b. uninvolved c. authoritative d. authoritarian
answer
d
question
Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favourable outcomes for children? a. Authoritative b. Permissive c. Authoritarian d. Uninvolved
answer
a
question
Which of the following is true regarding parenting research? a. Fathers spend more time with their babies on average than do mothers. b. Children tend to select mothers over fathers as playmates. c. Fathers display similar levels of affection toward their babies as do mothers. d. Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers.
answer
d
question
When parents experience only mild conflict before a divorce, the seeming effects of divorce on children are _____________than when parents experience intense conflict before a divorce. a. less severe b. more severe c. minimal d. negligible
answer
b
question
Sandra is 4-years old and has been left alone in a room with a plate of cookies and a bell. Sandra was instructed by Dr. Mischel that if she could wait 15 minutes, she could get an even bigger reward, like two cookies, but if she could not wait she was to ring the bell to summon the experimenter. Sandra was able to wait for the bigger reward across several trials. What does this predict about Sandra's behaviour as an adolescent? a. Although she is able to delay gratification now, she will experience a rebound effect and engage in frequent impulsive behaviour in her teenage years. b. Sandra has a calm temperament but restrained individuals who constantly delay their gratification tend to explode violently as adults. c. Sandra will likely have a superior ability to cope with stress and frustration in adolescence and not engage in as much impulsive and reckless behaviours as other teenagers. d. Although Sandra displays early self-control, these behaviours are unrelated to her behaviour in adolescence.
answer
c
question
Research investigating the causes of gender differences in behaviour suggests that a. during infancy there are no gender differences between the toy preferences of boys and girls. b. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to dislike rough and tumble play. c. no gender differences have been found between the toy preferences of male and female monkeys. d. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play.
answer
d
question
Melissa identifies herself as a female; however she tends to act like a "tomboy" hanging out with mostly males and playing hockey and football. Which of the following is TRUE with respect to this example? a. Melissa's gender identity is male. b. Melissa is likely experiencing transsexualism but is unaware of her gender identity. c. Melissa is experiencing sex segregation in her biological and social roles. d. Melissa's gender role is associated with masculine behaviours.
answer
d
question
According to Erikson, which of the following is true? a. In most cases psychosocial crises go unresolved with no detrimental effects on social development. b. In most cases psychosocial crises are unsuccessfully resolved, leading to detrimental effects on social development. c. Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis has no effect on whether a future crisis will be successfully resolved. d. Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved.
answer
d
question
Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Erikson's a. identity versus role confusion crisis. b. initiative versus guilt crisis. c. autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis. d. trust versus mistrust crisis.
answer
a
question
Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of a. identity. b. initiative. c. autonomy. d. trust.
answer
a
question
Brad is 17 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development? a. Integrity versus despair b. Intimacy versus isolation c. Generativity versus stagnation d. Identity versus role confusion
answer
d
question
During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be a. parents. b. friends. c. television and media. d. society of peers.
answer
a
question
Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of a. trust. b. mistrust. c. autonomy. d. initiative.
answer
a
question
Autonomy is to shame and doubt like ________ is to despair. a. ego integrity b. initiative c. identity d. stagnation
answer
a
question
Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behaviour? a. Trust versus mistrust b. Initiative versus guilt c. Industry versus inferiority d. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
answer
d
question
Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 6, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of a. identity versus role diffusion. b. industry versus inferiority. c. initiative versus guilt. d. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
answer
c
question
In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers are challenged to control their own behaviour. a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority
answer
c
question
Between the ages of 5 and 12 children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort. Erikson refers to this stage of life as a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame and doubt. c. initiative versus guilt. d. industry versus inferiority.
answer
c
question
According to Erikson, if an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge, the result may be the development of a sense of a. stagnation. b. inferiority. c. shame and doubt. d. role confusion.
answer
b
question
Kent was inconsistently cared for as an infant and consequently he struggles with issues of commitment in adulthood. Kent may have experienced difficulty resolving crises in which two stages? a. Initiative versus guilt and autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Identity versus identity confusion and generativity versus stagnation c. Industry versus inferiority and ego integrity versus despair d. Trust versus mistrust and intimacy versus isolation
answer
d
question
Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.
answer
d
question
According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense of self, is called a. bonding. b. attraction. c. attachment. d. intimacy.
answer
d
question
Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.
answer
b
question
Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing a. intimacy. b. identity. c. generativity. d. integrity.
answer
c
question
According to Erikson, if a middle-aged person is unable to focus outward and is still dealing with issues of intimacy or even identity, that person is experiencing a. generativity. b. stagnation. c. ego integrity. d. despair.
answer
b
question
Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.
answer
c
question
Brenda's parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis. a. ego integrity versus despair b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. industry versus inferiority d. identity versus role confusion
answer
d
question
Which of the following is true regarding Piaget's and Erikson's theories? a. Children in Piaget's preoperational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of development. b. Children in Piaget's sensorimotor stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage of development. c. Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage of development. d. Children in Piaget's formal operational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development. e. Children in Piaget's preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development.
answer
e
question
Sue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sue's feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of a. generativity. b. alienation. c. stagnation. d. despair.
answer
d
question
Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory? a. Ainsworth b. Piaget c. Erikson d. Vygotsky
answer
c
question
According to Piaget's ideas regarding moral development, the ______________ stage is to subjective responsibility as the ______________ stage is to objective responsibility. a. concrete operations; formal operations b. formal operations; concrete operations c. preoperational; concrete operations d. formal operations; preoperational
answer
b
question
According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional
answer
d
question
Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of__________. a. formal conventional morality b. postconventional morality c. conventional morality d. preconventional morality
answer
d
question
Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent? a. Formal conventional b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Preconventional
answer
d
question
According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the _________ level of morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional
answer
c
question
At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms? a. Formal conventional b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Preconventional
answer
b
question
When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of__________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional
answer
d
question
What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg? a. Preconventional, conventional, postconventional b. Preoperational, postoperational, world view c. Preconventional, postconventional, conventional d. Concrete operational, formal operational, autonomous
answer
a
question
According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional
answer
d
question
According to Piaget, one's level of moral development is linked to one's level of a. social development. b. cognitive development. c. intelligence. d. emotional development.
answer
b
question
Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the highway without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional
answer
c
question
According to theory assumptions, which of the following is true concerning Kohlberg and Piaget? a. Like Piaget's stage theory, Kohlberg's theory is comprised of four distinctly separate stages. b. Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's preoperational stage. c. Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's formal operations stage. d. Levels of moral development are unrelated to levels of cognitive development.
answer
c
question
Regarding Heinz's dilemma, a person who decides not to steal the drug for fear of being imprisoned is reasoning at the ________ stage. a. preconventional b. formal conventional c. postconventional d. conventional
answer
a
question
According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves a. behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. b. behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the individual. c. behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by authority figures. d. behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by peers.
answer
a
question
Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Joseph's reasoning reflects a. formal conventional reasoning. b. preconventional reasoning. c. conventional reasoning. d. postconventional reasoning.
answer
d
question
Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behaviour. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behaviour? a. Posing dilemmas focused on life-or-death decisions that will lead to more honest responding b. Posing dilemmas focused on light-hearted subjects that will put respondents more at ease c. Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis d. Posing dilemmas focused on abstract situations not likely to be faced by respondents
answer
c
question
Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully, but most of his friends have. Johnny's decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality. a. preconventional b. conventional c. formal conventional d. postconventional
answer
d
question
Karen has the impulse to shoplift, but when she begins thinking about how others would be disappointed with her actions, she resists. Karen's thinking illustrates ________ reasoning. a. formal conventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. preconventional
answer
b
question
Which of the following would be considered the biggest (and anxiety-inducing) life transition that adults may face? a. Establishing a career b. Falling in love c. Becoming a parent d. Undergoing a midlife crisis
answer
c
question
Empty nest researchers have found that a. most empty nesters are men who experience a period of depression after their children leave home. b. most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home. c. women are less likely than men to experience depression after their children leave home. d. women are more likely than men to experience depression after their children leave home.
answer
b
question
Which of the following individuals would be the most susceptible to empty-nest syndrome? a. Cierra, a lawyer, who devoted as much time to her children as she could while they were growing up but feels guilty that she did not have more time to spend with them b. Victoria, a homemaker, who was very involved in her kids lives, and also volunteered for several charities and women's leagues, and made quilts that were donated to World Aid programs c. Wilma, a professor, who spent equal time on her career and children, and aided them with their academic progress and tutoring as well as being their mother d. Lisa, a homemaker, who spent all her time and energy caring for her children and being involved as a volunteer in their many activities while they were growing up
answer
d
question
One's accumulated knowledge gained over time is called a. formal intelligence. b. crystallized intelligence. c. emotional intelligence. d. fluid intelligence.
answer
b
question
Recent findings associated with aging and cognitive functioning show that older adults outscore younger adults on a. memory tests. b. vocabulary tests. c. auditory tests. d. visual tests.
answer
b
question
Kevin is a 65-year-old college professor. Compared to when he was 30, Kevin is now likely to a. struggle verbalizing his thoughts when responding to students' questions. b. struggle formulating his thoughts when responding to students' questions. c. struggle hearing students' questions during lectures. d. struggle analyzing students' questions during lectures.
answer
c
question
Which of the following questions would an 85-year old have the easiest time answering based on their cognitive functioning? a. Can you recall the list of words I showed you 10 minutes ago? b. Can you point out various members of your family in this set of photos? c. Can you remember what you had for supper yesterday? d. Can you tell me about the time you ran away from home as a child?
answer
b
question
One popular misconception about middle age is that most men undergo a _______________, characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and attempts to regain their youth. a. empty nest syndrome b. midlife crisis c. sandwich generation d. stagnation
answer
b
question
Arthur is 95 years old. He has developed many health difficulties with advanced aging, but still plays billiards regularly, goes for coffee with his friends, and likes to play cards and cook. Which of the following would be true in relation to Arthur's aging? a. Arthur's biological age is lower than his functional age. b. Arthur's functional age is well below his chronological age. c. Arthur's functional age is much greater than his social age. d. Arthur's psychological age is well above his chronological age.
answer
b
