Psychology Chapter 1 study guide – Flashcards
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Survey
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S
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Question
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Q
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Read
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R1
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Recite
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R2
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Reflect
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R3
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Review
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R4
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Psychology
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Mind
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Psyche
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Knowledge or study
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Logos
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Relied on assumptions (not tested) about human nature
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Philosophy
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Information gained from direct observation
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Empirical Evidence
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Anything that can be directly observed; outward action (crying, smiling)
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Behavior / Overt
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Cannot be directly observed; internal process (remembering, thinking)
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Mental Processes / Covert
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To describe, understand, predict, and control behavior
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Goals of Psychology
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Ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information
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Critical Thinking
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First female president of APA who conducted pioneering work on memory (1905)
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Mary Calkins
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First woman awarded a Ph. D. in psychology (1894)
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Margaret Washburn
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First African-American man awarded a Ph. D. in psychology (1920)
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Francis Sumner
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First African-American woman awarded a Ph. D.
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Inez Prosser
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Psychology must study observable behavior objectively
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Behaviorism
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Stimuli (environmental events) & Responses (any identifiable behaviors)
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Behaviorists study relationship between
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John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner
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3 Behaviorists
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Studied classical conditioning, which was discovered by Pavlov
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Watson
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Studied operant conditioning; although he studied animals, he believed humans learn the same way
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Skinner
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Mental events, such as thinking, are not necessary to explain behavior
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Radical Behaviorism
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How the mind functions to help us adapt and survive
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Functionalism
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Admired Darwin and his Theory of Natural Selection. Known for bringing study of animals in psychology
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Functionalists
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"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
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Gestalt Psychology
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Studied thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analyzing experiences into parts
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Max Wertheimer
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A Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious conflicts
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
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occurs when threatening thoughts are unconsciously held out of awareness
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Depression
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was the founder of psychoanalytic psychology and created psychoanalysis, the first psychotherapy, to explore unconscious conflicts and emotional problems
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Sigmund Freud
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Dealt with structure of mental life
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Structuralism
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Often disagreed, and no way to prove who was correct
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Stucturalists
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Took Wundt's idea and brought it to the U.S. and renamed it structuralism
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Edward Tichener
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Father of psychology
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Looking inward (examining and reporting your thoughts, feelings, etc.)
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Introspection
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the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture
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Cultural Relativity
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Drawing insights from a variety of perspectives since a single perspective is unlikely to explain all human behavior. Most psychologists use this
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Eclectic Approach
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Behavior is shaped by internal physical, chemical, and biological processes
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Biopsychology View
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Interdisciplinary field formed by biopsychologists, biologists and other scientists who share the perspective of biophsychology
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Neuroscience
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Behavior is shaped by the process of evolution
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Evolutionary View
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Biopsychology View & Evolutionary View
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Biological perspective
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Behavioral view, Cognitive view, Psychodynamic view, Humanistic view
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Psychological Perspective
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Behavior is shaped by one's environment
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Behavioral View
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Behavior is shaped by mental processing of information
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Cognitive View
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Behavior is shaped by unconscious processes
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Psychodynamic View
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Behavior is shaped by self-image, subjective perception, and needs for personal growth
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Humanistic View
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Made Hierarchy of Needs
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Abraham Maslow
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Your perception of your own body, personality, and capabilities
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Self-image
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Positive and negative feelings you have about yourself
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Self-evaluation
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Mental perspective used for interpreting events
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Frame of Reference
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Fully developed one's potential and becoming the best person possible
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Self-actualization
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Behavior is shaped by one's social and cultural context
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Sociocultural View
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Rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of various groups
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Social Norms
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the scientific study of human society and social relationships
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Social Science
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any unfounded system that resembles psychology
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Pseudo-psychology
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a tendency to consider personal descriptions accurate if they are stated in general terms
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Barnum Effect
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Making observations, Defining a problem, Proposing a hypothesis, Gathering Evidence/Testing hypothesis, Theory Building, Publishing restults
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Scientific Method steps
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A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances
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Clinical
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a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time
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Case Study
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Making measurements to discover relationships between events
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Correlational
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Increases in one variable are matched by increases in the other variable
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Positive Correlation
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Increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other variable
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Negative Correlation
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Investigating causes of behavior through controlled experiments
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Experimental
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The condition being investigated as a possible cause of change in behavior
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Independent Variable
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The condition that is affected by the independent variable
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Dependent Variable
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Conditions or factors excluded from influencing the outcome of an experiment
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Extraneous variables
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The group of subjects exposed to the independent variable or experimental condition
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Experimental Group
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The group of subjects exposed to all experimental conditions or variables except the independent variable
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Control Group
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Changes in behavior due to participants' expectations that a drug will have some effect
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Placebo Effect
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The use of chance to assign subjects to experimental and control groups
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Random Assignment
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Observing behavior as it unfolds in natural settings
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Naturalistic Observation
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The error of attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals, especially as a way of explaining behavior
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Anthropomorphic
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The tendency of an observer to distort observations or perceptions to match his or her expectations
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Observer Bias
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A public polling technique used to answer psychological questions
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Survery
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A small, randomly selected part of a larger population that accurately reflects characteristics of the whole population
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Representative Sample
