Test Answers on Psychology Ch. 17 – Flashcards
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Social psychologist Leon Festinger is associated with the study of:
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cognitive dissonance.
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Which of the following is true of schemas?
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Schemas help us predict what others are like on the basis of relatively little information.
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One forms an impression of another individual:
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very quickly, within a few seconds.
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_____ are brought about by something in the environment.
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Situational causes
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Classic experimental studies of conformity were conducted in the 1950s by:
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Solomon Asch.
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Which of the following is true of the findings made by Asch on conformity?
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Groups that unanimously support a position show the most pronounced conformity pressures.
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Which alternative below correctly defines a social influence concept?
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Compliance - a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure
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Identify the correct statement regarding conformity.
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People without a clear answer are more susceptible to conformity.
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Which of the following compliance techniques is correctly matched with its description?
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That's-not-all technique—When a salesperson offers you a deal at an inflated price, immediately after the initial offer, the salesperson offers an incentive, discount, or bonus to clinch the deal.
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In Juanita's community, girls are not expected to enjoy or excel at mathematics. Juanita's algebra grades drop; by the time she is a high school junior, she is enrolled only in consumer mathematics courses. Which concept does Juanita's example best illustrate?
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Which of the following potential explanations is correctly paired with the process it reflects?
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Awareness of a negative view of ones' group generates anxiety, which impairs performance - stereotype threat
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According to instinct theories of aggression, which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding aggression?
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Certain stimuli act as aggressive cues, making aggressive acts much more likely when the cues are present.
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Roger was screaming for help as he was being beaten up by a group of muggers on a street. There were about 15 people standing nearby. However, none of the bystanders come forward to help Roger. This scenario representing lack of help illustrates:
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diffusion of responsibility.
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The likelihood that an individual will help someone in an emergency situation is _____ correlated with the number of other people present.
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negatively
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Which of the following is suggested by Sternberg in his theory on love?
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The different combinations of the three components vary over the course of relationships.
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Susan drives by a particularly unusual apartment building each day on her way to and from work. Initially, she does not think much of the structure and actually has a mild dislike for it. However, after several months of commuting, she starts to like the apartment building and is even considering trying to rent an apartment there. This change in Susan's feelings about the building best demonstrates
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the mere exposure effect.
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Mr. and Mrs. Lee warn their new babysitter, Alison, that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result, Alison starts calling the child "Dennis the Menace," and she behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called
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the self-fulfilling prophecy.
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According to research on stereotype threat, we should be especially concerned about standardized tests if they
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ask for race/ethnic information before the test starts.
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While they are sitting eating their lunch, several of Sheldon's friends suggest that the new girl in class is very pretty. Sheldon does not think that she is pretty. He will probably
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agree with his friends and say she is very attractive.
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A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson found that children who were labeled as "late bloomers" at the start of the school year showed larger IQ gains than other, non-labeled students, even though these particular children were chosen randomly. The children's teachers were informed about these labels, but the students themselves were not. The results from this study are most relevant to which of the following?
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Behavior that helps others but that involves some self-sacrifice is termed:
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altruism.
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_____ involves a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another.
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Passionate love
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The notion of a diffusion of responsibility is most usually applied to the study of:
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prosocial behavior.
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Which of the following strategies did your text offer as effective means of dealing with anger?
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Minimize the importance of the situation.
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"But are you in love?" Lynette asks her friend. Lynette is trying to determine whether her friend is experiencing _____ love.
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passionate
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If you were to donate one of your kidneys to whoever might need it, you would be demonstrating a(n) ________ view of human nature.
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altruistic
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June is usually a very quiet individual, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. She was at the Mardi Gras and found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party revelers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered doing on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to
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deindividuation.
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The bystander effect occurs because
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All of these (we tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do. if no one else is helping, we assume help is not needed. responsibility is diffused among witnesses.)
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The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to put a big ugly election sign on their lawn. If people refuse, they ask them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn. The committee is using
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the door-in-the-face strategy.
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The idea of "do onto others as you would have them do onto you" best describes
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reciprocity.
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A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson found that children who were labeled as "late bloomers" at the start of the school year showed larger IQ gains than other, non-labeled students, even though these particular children were chosen randomly. The children's teachers were informed about these labels, but the students themselves were not. The results from this study are most relevant to which of the following?
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Affectionate love is also called ________ love.
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companionate
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Research findings indicate that frustration
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can lead to aggression or passivity.
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When you do poorly on a test, you remind yourself of all the distractions you had at school that week. You are displaying
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self-serving bias.
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It appears that many attractive people possess a number of positive characteristics. This is possibly due to
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the self-fulfilling prophecy.
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"Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement illustrates an attempt to reduce
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cognitive dissonance.
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Tommy just hit the game winning home run for his team. He is most likely to attribute his success to
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himself.
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Fiona got an e-mail from her manager, Rebecca, asking her to meet to discuss a past project. Unfortunately, Fiona was struggling to complete a project due that afternoon and had to reply that she was too busy to meet today. Rebecca was not pleased with Fiona's refusal to meet and told another coworker that she thought Fiona was "too busy and important" to meet with her supervisor thus she is an unpleasant snob. Rebecca is making a ______ attribution of Fiona.
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dispositional
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Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors are called _____ causes.
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dispositional
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Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences are called _____.
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schemas
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Which of the following attribution biases is correctly matched with its definition?
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Halo effect—An initial impression that an individual has some positive (or negative) traits leads us to infer that they have many other positive (or negative) characteristics as well.
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If you are exhibiting the self-serving bias, which would be your most likely explanation for a poor grade on the test?
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"The professor doesn't know how to teach."
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The fundamental attribution error is very common because:
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of the nature of information available to the people making an attribution.
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Sharon was made the captain of her softball team due to her excellent playing skills. However, the fact that she did not display good team management skills and was not very cooperative with her teammates was ignored while making her the captain. Which of the following biases is illustrated in this instance?
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Halo effect
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On late-night TV, you see an infomercial claiming that the price of the product has been slashed for a special offer and now includes a bonus sample size of something that is in adjunct to the product. This illustrates the _____ compliance technique.
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that's-not-all
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The classic "shock" study of obedience is associated with:
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Stanley Milgram.
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Which of the following is true of the findings made by Asch on conformity?
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Groups that unanimously support a position show the most pronounced conformity pressures.
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The influential "prison" study of the power of social roles was conducted by:
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Philip Zimbardo.
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Milgram's participants were told that the study concerned:
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learning.
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According to Asch's pioneering work on conformity, which of the following statements is true?
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Having just one person present who shares the minority point of view is sufficient to reduce conformity pressures.
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Which alternative below correctly defines a social influence concept?
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Compliance - a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure
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Compliance - a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure
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status
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Which of the following is true of groupthink?
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Under groupthink, members lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view.
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Which of the following was a significant finding in studies conducted by Asch on conformity?
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Conformity is considerably higher when people must respond publicly.
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_____ refers to a negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members.
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Prejudice
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A(n) _____ is an expectation about the occurrence of a future event or behavior that acts to increase the likelihood the event or behavior will occur.
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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Which of the following attribution biases is correctly matched with its definition?
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Halo effect—An initial impression that an individual has some positive (or negative) traits leads us to infer that they have many other positive (or negative) characteristics as well.
