Psychology Ch. 1 Answers – Flashcards

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

outward or overt actions an reactions

internal, covert activity of our minds

1.Description
2. Explanation
3. Prediction
4. Control

what is happening; observing a behavior and noting everything about it

why is it happening; important in the process of forming theories of behavior; helps build theory

will it happen again

how can it be changed; focus or modification of some behavior, to a change a behavior from an undesirable one

Dr. Baker an experiment for studying lab rats’ reaction to energy drinks in relation to problem solving. Dr. Baker is most interested in the goal of

results of the study by Cheryan et at. (2009) suggests that changes must occur to the perception of the computer science field. This illustrates the goal of

James is conducting research that he hopes will give psychotherapists more information about how to prevent their clients from attempting suicide. In the long run he hopes that a significant reduction in suicidal behavior among those with mental illnesses will be the result. The primary goal is

general explanation or facts

father of psychology

he believed that the mind should be studied by using introspection to define the “immediate experience” or structuralism

process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities

One of Wundt’s students who believed that we should study the function of the mind

Who was the first woman to complete coursework for a doctorate at Harvard University?

focuses on the structure or basic elements of the mind; classify structure of the mind like chemists break down chemicals; Edward B Tichener; use on thoughts and physical sensations

the early perspective of … was developed by a neurologist and emphasized the importance of both the unconscious and early childhood experiences

which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness

Created largest doctoral program in the US; believed in structuralism

how the mind allows people to adapt,live,work, and play; proposed by William James

educational, evolutionary, and industrial/organizational

“good figure” psychology; sum of the parts do not out weight the whole; part of cognitive psychology

Gestalt ideas are part of which branch of psychology

studied sensation and perception; believed that people naturally seek out patterns in the sensory information

field focusing not on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving

influential concept to psychological therapy

theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud; the unconscious, which is all the thoughts, memories and desires that lay hidden just below our awareness is what drives all our behaviors

process in which a trained psychological professional helps a person gain in sights into and change his or her behavior

founder of psychoanalysis; prescribed cocaine; stressed importance of early childhood experiences; believed personality was made up of; id,ego, and super ego; MD (specialized in nervous system disorders)

science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only; must be directly seen& measures;”Little Albert”; John B Watson proposed it

proposed behaviorism; believed phobias were learned “Little Albert”

demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned

learned reflexive response

one of Watson’s students; “Little Peter”; counter-conditioning with food

modern version of psychoanalysis (more focused);more emphasis on the development of a sense of self, social and interpersonal relationships, and the discovery of other motivations behind a person’s behavior; Carl Jung & Alfred Adler

no free will; introduced reinforcement to behaviorism; major force in 20th century; B.F. Skinner studied operant conditioning- voluntary behavior

studied operant conditioning- voluntary behavior; behavioral perspective

A child who cries and is rewarded by getting his mother’s attention will… this is an example of behavioral perspective

people have free will;optimistic; self-actualization; emphasis of unique qualities; founder were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

achieving one’s full potential or actual self

Hierarchy of Needs for motivation; humanistic perspective

unconditional positive regard in order to develop a positive self-concept and become all we can be; humanistic perspective

focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning

the study of the physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes

focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships

study of cultural norms, values, and expectations

the presence of other people actually lessened the chances that a person in trouble would receive help; result of diffusion of responsibility

tendency to feel that someone else is responsible for taking action when others are present

attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body ( genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system)

biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share; looks at the way the mind works and the reasons that it works as it does; behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value; example would be mate selection

MD who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

social worker with some training in therapy (mainly focuses on environmental conditions that can impact mental disorders)

professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology (counseling, teaching, etc.)

Which of the following perspective focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics?

Which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia?

Which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying a client’s early childhood experiences and his resulting development of himself?

Which of the following professionals in psychology has no medical training but has a doctoral degree?

If Dr. Swasey is like most psychologists, where does she probably work?

people have a tendency to notice only things that agree with their view of the world

watching animals or humans in their normal environment

animals or peoples who know they are being watched will not behave normally

researchers use one-way mirrors, or they might become participants in a group

happens when the person doing the observing has a particular opinion about what he or she is going to see or expects to see (avoid by using blind observers)

watching animals or humans in a laboratory

study one individual in great detail; Phineas Gage

researcher asks a series of questions about the topic under study

people deliberately give what they think is more socially correct answer rather than their true opinion in order not to offend anyone

measure of the relationship between two variables; closest to -1 or 1

deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationship

In the scientific method, the final step is…

Which of following is an example of observer bias?

The main advantage of a survey is that …

Which of the following would indicate the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness?

In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep eight hours while another group is made to stay awake. In this experiment, the control group is…

In a …. study, the participants do not know if they are part of the control group or the experimental group. Only the experimenter knows who is in each group.

What is the first guideline for doing research with people?

definition of variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

variable in an experiment that is manipulate by the experimenter

variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment

subjected to independent variable

not subjected to independent variable

process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly

phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

subjects do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control group (reduces placebo effect)

tendency of the experimenters’ expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study

neither the experimenter nor the subjects know which subjects are in the experimental or control group (reduces placebo effect and experimenter effect)

group of psychological professionals who look over each research study and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants

must ask participants if they would like to participate, participants can withdraw at any time, confidential

What percent of animals are used in psychological studies?

making reasoned judgements about claims

very few truths that do not need to be subjected to testing, all evidence is not equal in quality, just because someone is considered to be an authority or to have a lot of expertise does not make everything that person claims automatically true, & requires an open mind

Which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?

Dr. Jamison has conducted a great deal of research on autistic disorders. In his latest study, he concluded that one definite cause of autism is the MMR vaccination. Which of the following can be determined based on Dr. Jamison’s research findings?

While the word critical is often viewed as meaning “negative,” the use of this term in “critical thinking” is more related to the word

are personal judgments based on beliefs rather than facts.

Chen is interested in studying the effects of physical exercise on levels of concentration. He hypothesizes that aerobic exercise will improve an individual’s ability to concentrate on various tasks. Chen is demonstrating which goal of psychology?

Pia believes that she is an undercover CIA agent working for the president of the United States. Her delusions disappear, however, whenever she takes her psychotropic medication . Pia is most likely being treated by which of the following?

When Rashid graduated from college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential. Abraham Maslow called this type of achievement:

Description involves ________ a person’s behavior and noting everything about it.

Mary Cover Jones achieved counter-conditioning with “Little Peter” by using:

Since birth, Jared has experienced a disturbing twitch that interferes with his ability to function. Through careful observation, it was discovered that Jared’s uncontrollable behavior may be the result of a genetic predisposition. The psychological perspective that correlates best with this finding is

In psychology in the twenty-first century

A researcher is studying the effects of alcohol consumption on driving ability. In this experiment, alcohol consumption is the

One drawback to the survey method is

is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one

In the definition of psychology, the term behavior means

A psychologist is interested in finding out why married couples seemingly begin to look like each other after several years of marriage. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of…

Who is considered to be the father of African American psychology?

Sigmund Freud/s psychoanalysis focused on

Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior?

Which perspective is often referred to as the “third force” in psychology and focuses on a person’s freedom of choice in determining their behavior?

Which perspective best explains the bystander effect whereby individuals will be less likely to help someone in need because of the presence of others close by?

If Dr.Byers uses eclectic research approach in her clinical treatment of children, what is she doing?

Dr. Colton identifies himself with the largest subfield of psychology. What kind of psychologist is he?

Micah has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder that is best addressed initially with medication. He would likely benefit the most by first seeing a….

Which step in the scientific method is derived from the goal of description?

Brianne has made a prediction about the behavior the lab rats in her study will demonstrate. Next, she runs the rats through a maze to see if they behave as predicted. Which step in the scientific method is Brianne currently focusing on?

The famous study of Phineas Gage, who survived when a metal rod pierced his skull, is an example of a

A researcher finds that as her subjects increased the number of hours they spent exercising, the overall weight of her subjects decreased. This would be an example of a …. correlation.

A researcher wants to study effects of texting on driving. Students in Group A drive a car in a computer game and see how many virtual accidents they have. Students in Group B are asked to drive the same virtual car buy they must respond to and send at least three texts. The number of virtual accidents is measured for each group. What is the independent variable?

A researcher asks an assistant to conduct a study on her behalf. She specifically tells he assistant to only share the results anonymously and not include the students’ names along with their scores. Such an experiment would be considered a ….

Double-blind studies control for …

Tillie is going to volunteer to be a participant in a research study for the very first time. She arrives 20 minutes early so that she can complete paperwork. Part of the paperwork tells her about the project in very simple, straightforward language. She is provided with this description because all research participants must…

Dr. Calvin needs just one more participant to complete her experiment. Lisa, a student of Dr.Calvin, has almost completed the experiment when she announces she wants to quit because the experiment is boring. What options does Dr.Calvin have?

A famous golfer advertises a new golf bracelet that helps minimize fatigue while playing. If Bethany decides to order it because she believes that such a well-known personality should know if it works or not, she has made an error in which of the following?