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Psychology

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Combination of philosophy and biology It is becoming more of a biology

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Six major concepts

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1.biological perspective 2.cognitive perspective 3.behavioral perspective 4.whole person perspective 5.developmental perspective 6.cultural perspective

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Biological perspective

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Chemical Neuroscience Rely on imaging through use of magnets to measure blood flow.

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Cognitive perspective

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Thought Memory, reasoning Compare brain to a computer All memory is based on associations The more emotional you are the moe you will remember

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Innate

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Genetic Language

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Behavioral perspective

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Skinner believed that everything is learned Skinner thought that you needed to find out what motivates someone for doing it Skinner thought we didn't have free will

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Whole person perspective

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Psyco dynamic Humanistic approach

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Psycho dynamic

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Freud Most of humankind is guided by unconscience Related to an iceberg Early childhood has a big influence on you Brought everything back to sex

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Humanistic approach

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Started in the 60s Looked at the good in people Everyone has something to offer Carl Rogers Maslow Foundation on positive and free will

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Developmental perspective

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Means change Heredity and environmental influence

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Cultural perspective

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Culture gender ethics Most affective

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Photographic memory

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Study in Russia on subject (S) by dr. Loire Remember everything Could not block the noise and cannot shut it off In the autistic spectrum

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Senastesia

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See music Feel colors Those with this condition that are not on the autistic spectrum are normally autistic

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Objective

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Computer

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At what age are we thought not to be able to remember past

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3

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Processing of information

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Encode Storage Retrieval

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The human brain is limitless or limited

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Limitless

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Where a memories stored

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In the cerebral cortex in different places. What sets us apart from others one the food chain

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Reptilian

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Limbic system Emotions

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Two forms or attention

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Selective Divided

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Selective

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When you focus one something and don't hear things around you

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Divided

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All over the place and you don't hear things around you

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Sensory

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Things around you

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Working system

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Short term

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Long term

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Forever memories

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Episodic memory

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Highly emotional flash back Flash bulb memory

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Normal stress

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Need stess

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Distress

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To high

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Ustress

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Good stress

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Does our brain shut off

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No

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Memory practice

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Chunking Rehearsing

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Strongest memory senses

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Smell Sound

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Context dependent

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Same spot where you learned something

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Mood dependent

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Most congruent You remember things that happened in a specific mood when in that mood Take them back to happy place in order to bring people to a happy mood

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The literal meaning of the word psychology is the

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Study on the mind

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Dr. Jones is industrial/ organizational (I/O) psychologist Thus, she is most likely to do what?

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Help companies develop questions to ask job candidates

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One major difference between psychology ad psychiatry is

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Medical specialty

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Psychology is different from pseudoscience because of

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It's method if using the scientific method ti test theories and hypothesis

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Psychology and anthropology are classified as scientific because if their

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Methods

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The term hypothesis literally means

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Little theory

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A subject who is exposed to the study treatment is said to be in the _____________ condition

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Experimental

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If I performed a study in the 1980s, and you wanted to see if my findings are still current in 2008, you could simply ______________ my study today

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Replicate

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Alicia wants to understand the impact of peer pressure on adolescent behavior. She goes to a popular mall and observes the activities and interactions of a group of adolescents. Alicia is using

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Naturalistic observation

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Which type of research study would best be used ti study that shaped a notorious serial killer

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Case study

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A subject in an experiment that receives no real treatment would be receiving

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A placebo

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The American Psychological Association guidelines state that research participants must

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Be debriefed after the study if the research involves deception

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Some research questions cannot be answered using human experiments because

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Some studies would be impractical or unethical

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A psychologist who studies how hormones affect a persons behavior is using the____________ perspective

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Biological

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According to this perspective, the methods of science can be used to study the mind

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Cognitive

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A breakthrough in the scientific field of ____________ ultimately led ti the worlds first psychology laboratory

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Chemistry

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William James argued that consciousness is analogous to a

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Steam

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Gestalt psychology argued that perception is

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A process in which the whole is more than the sum of the parts

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A scientist who studies the strategies involved in playing a gave of chess is most likely to follow a ______________ approach to psychology

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Cognitive

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The key feature of behaviorism that distinguishes it from other approaches to psychology is that

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Only observable behavior Is appropriate for study

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____________ was an influential advocate of behaviorism

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B.F Skinner

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A _____________ psychology would be most likely to explain nail-biting behavior as resulting from an oral fixation and an unconscious, self-destructive tendency

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Psychodynamic

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The term 'psyche' means

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Mind

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The humanistic approach toward psychology emphasizes

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The positive side of human nature

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The ___________ perspective argues that other people have a large influence on our own behaviors

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Sociocultural

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________ refers to the tendency for each hemisphere of the brain to take control of different functions.

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Cortical transmission

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Damage to the ________ is the most likely explanation for a brain injury that has devastating effects on human action and personality.

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frontal lobes

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The action of grabbing your keys with your right hand is controlled by your

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left motor cortex

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Secretions from the thyroid gland control

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metabolism.

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The notion that we use only ____ percent of our brains is false and came about during a time when neuroscientists lacked not only the technology but had not figured out the functions of many coritical areas.

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10

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________ is the interdisciplinary field involving biologists, psychologists, computer scientists, and chemists.

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Neuroscience

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Which of the following did you NOT inherit from your parents?

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Religious beliefs

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Darwin's theory of ________ argues that evolution favors those organisms that are best adapted to their environment.

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natural selection

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Which of the following is true of Prozac?

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Prozac can cause changes in sleep, appetite, and thinking

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________ are biochemical substances that are released into the synaptic cleft to stimulate or suppress other neurons.

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Neurohormones

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Which of the following is true of nerve cell development?

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Some nerve cells die during the first few years of life. The are about 100 billion nerve cells in the adult brain. The brain has excess neurons at birth. Our brain can generate new nerve cells.

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Because the human brain is born already programmed for language, we can say that language is a/an ________ behavioral tendency.

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innate

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Actor Christopher Reeve was paralyzed from the neck down because of accidental damage to his

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spinal cord

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The scanning device that makes highly detailed pictures from tissue responses to powerful pulses of energy is the

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MRI.

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Damage to the ________ would be expected to impair your ability to name three exciting news events that occurred after this damage to your brain.

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hippocampus

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The "master gland" is a term that refers to the

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pituitary gland.

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The central nervous system is comprised of all the neurons in the ________ and the ________.

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brain; spinal cord

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Endocrine glands secrete this group of chemicals into the bloodstream to affect target organs.

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hormones

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The ________ interconnects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

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corpus callosum

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Vision is processed primarily in the ________ lobes.

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occipital

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Which sensory system does NOT relay information through the thalamus en route to the cortex?

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Smell

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Which body structure was altered during the process of evolution which resulted in higher levels of cognitive functioning for humans?

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adrenal cortex

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A key goal of the Human Genome Project is to

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D. determine the complete human genetic code.

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Peter suffers damage to his left frontal lobe and loses the ability to speak, although he can still understand speech. Despite the permanence of this damage, he is able to recover some of his speech due to the ability of other parts of the brain to take over lost function. This phenomenon is known by neuroscientists as

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plasticity.

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Gazzaniga suggests that we think of the human mind as neither a single nor a dual entity but rather as a

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confederation of minds.

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The Skinner box was designed so that

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animals could press a lever to receive food.

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The descriptors "positive" and "negative," when used in reference to reinforcers, are synonyms for

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"add" and "remove."

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The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with

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. long-term potentiation.

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The most effective form of punishment usually involves

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penalties, such as loss of privileges.

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________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors.

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Rewards and punishments

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________ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently?

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Bandura

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While studying ________, ________ discovered ________ conditioning.

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digestion; Pavlov; classical

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For Little Albert, his fear of ________ was interpreted as an instance of ________.

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a white laboratory rat; conditioned fear

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Food, sex, and water are considered examples of

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primary reinforcers.

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Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of

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habituation.

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________ refers to the process of experience producing an enduring change in behavior.

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Learning

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Negative reinforcement involves

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the removal of an aversive stimulus.

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A practical use of aversive conditioning by John Garcia was to

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dissuade wild coyotes from attacking sheep.

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A punisher is an aversive consequence that

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weakens the behavior it follows.

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Using the Premack principle, once you have finished studying for your next biology test you should

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do something you enjoy.

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The idea that we can learn from seeing the actions of others is known as

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observational learning.

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Which of the following is an example of a rewarding consequence?

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high grades praise money food

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The two main types of behavioral learning are

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classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

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In operant conditioning, behavioral change is brought about by the manipulation of

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consequences.

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Which of the following is true of punishment?

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Punishment interferes with the learning of new and better behaviors. Punishment must be used consistently in order to be effective. Aggression is produced by punishment. Punishment usually involves the application of an aversive stimulus.

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Positive reinforcers ________ the likelihood of ensuing responses.

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increase

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An eye blink is an example of

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a reflex.

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________ refers to the condition in which media violence reduces emotional arousal while watching violence.

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Psychic numbing

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The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that ________ a response.

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follows and strengthens

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Learning always occurs as a result of

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experience

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Our ability to retain encoded material over time is known as

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storage.

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Another term for eidetic imagery is

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photographic memory

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Your ability to remember where you were the morning of September 11, 2001, is an example of a/an

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flashbulb memory.

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If you are trying to remember the names of all the U.S. presidents, the serial position effect would predict that you will have difficulty

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recalling the presidents in the middle of the list.

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Because of the limited capacity of ________, it is unsafe to talk on a cell phone while driving on a freeway during rush-hour.

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working memory

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The physical trace that is the basis of memory is known as a/an

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engram.

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If you study for an exam on one day and then continue studying on the next day, you are using

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distributed learning.

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Suggestibility can cause us to

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distort memories and create false ones.

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Long-term memory is thought to have

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an unlimited capacity.

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Luiz is being asked to remember a series of the following 15 letters: FOXHOWLSWANTBUG. He finds this to be easier to remember as the four words "fox howls want bug," rather than 15 individual letters. Luiz has used a process known as

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chunking.

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The three memory stages, in order of processing, are

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sensory; working; long term

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Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text If I asked you what you ate for dinner on Saturday, it might be a difficult task. However, if I reminded you that you went to Outback Steakhouse with your mother and aunt, it may be easier to remember. Why is that?

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You have been provided with retrieval cues.

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By looking over the chapter outline, the summary, the Key Questions, and Core Concepts, you form the impression of the overall meaning of the material. The details are later associated with this overall impression. This is known as

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the whole method.

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You have used maintenance rehearsal to access the memory.

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recognition.

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________ refers to the inability to form new memories.

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Anterograde amnesia

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The ________ theory claims that establishing more connections with long-term memories makes information more meaningful and memorable and thus easier to recall.

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levels-of-processing

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Two strategies that are useful in dealing with the limits of working memory are to

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chunk and rehearse.

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During the memory process of ________, we select, identify, and label an experience.

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Encoding

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When you hear a phone number and are able to recall it for a brief period, the phone number is thought to reside within ________ memory.

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working

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A temporary failure to recall where you left your keys is most likely due to

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absent-mindedness.

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Elizabeth Loftus is best known for her work on

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eyewitness accuracy.

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Typically, information is held in working memory for about

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20 seconds.

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The key tasks of a memory system is to

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encode, store, and retrieve.

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Mnemonics are methods for

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encoding information by associating it with information already in LTM.

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