Psychology 105 Quarterly Exam 2 (6-9) - Flashcards

question

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

answer

Unconditioned

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Stimulus _____ provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.

answer

discrimination

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Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.

answer

unconditioned response; conditioned response

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Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus:

answer

generalization.

question

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

answer

Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses cocaine, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.

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June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, which she has learned is used to open her food when her dinner is about to be served. The cat does not run when a blender is used, although it sounds similar. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:

answer

discrimination.

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Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:

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just before the unconditioned stimulus begins.

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Learning reflects _____. Maturation reflects _____.

answer

nurture; nature

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_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly, whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

answer

Habituation; extinction

question

Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

answer

They are opposites.

question

In classical conditioning situations, the ____________ connection is innate, while the ____________ connection is learned.

answer

UCS-UCR; CS-CR

question

Tyler's grandmother used to receive emails from him every day, so she would check her in-box regularly. Since Tyler went off to college, the emails have basically stopped. As a result, she no longer checks her in-box on a daily basis. If this pattern continues, we can expect ____________ to occur.

answer

extinction

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Little Julie is watching Dora the Explorer help her mother clean up the kitchen after dinner. After the show, she walks into the kitchen to help her mommy clean up. Little Julie is demonstrating

answer

observational learning.

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Kenny ate several hot dogs at the baseball game. Several hours later he got very nauseous and spent most of the night being physically sick. We can expect that he will

answer

be unable to eat a hot dog at the next ball game he attends.

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Pavlov's dog learned to anticipate food whenever he was presented with stimuli associated with food. Pavlov knew that his dog associated specific stimuli with food because the ____________ was elicited by the stimuli.

answer

CR

question

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is accurate?

answer

It is a form of respondent behavior.

question

Marcia was romantically involved with John. Unfortunately, Marcia eventually discovered that John was being a complete jerk, so she ended the relationship. One day in the mall, she suddenly gets a whiff of the cologne that John always wore. All the former good feelings come pouring back. This is an example of

answer

spontaneous recovery.

question

As Natalie, who has extremely long nails, approaches the chalkboard, many of her classmates cover their ears. What represents the conditioned stimulus?

answer

Natalie approaching the board

question

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n)

answer

CS.

question

Watson and Raynor conditioned fear in Little Albert using a ____________ as a CS.

answer

white rat

question

In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical conditioning?

answer

Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing.

question

In Pavlov's study, the UCS was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and, finally, the CS was _____.

answer

meat; the bell; the bell

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_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

answer

Habituation

question

Which of the following is true of stimulus generalization?

answer

The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization.

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In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

answer

The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.

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Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery?

answer

Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.

question

Which pair below CORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

answer

Unconditioned stimulus—noise

question

Which of the following behaviors indicate learning?

answer

Simon whines whenever he wants something.

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It should take about 30 minutes for the aspirin Manny just took to relieve his headache, but Manny feels better within minutes. This is an example of

answer

the placebo effect.

question

Boris is trying to use classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to come to the top of the tank to eat whenever he turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish show no more inclination to come to the top of the tank when the light is turned on than they did on the first trial. What would you suggest that Boris do to improve his training technique?

answer

He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.

question

In Pavlov's well-known study on classical conditioning, the bell was the ____________ before conditioning and the ____________ after conditioning had occurred.

answer

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

question

Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they are grilling, they will throw him a treat. However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to eat "people" food. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. According to operant conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can

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discriminate.

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During the winter months, Alfred receives a static shock each time he touches his car door when exiting his vehicle. Now Alfred flinches right before he touches the door. What represents the conditioned response?

answer

Flinching before touching the door

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_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

answer

Pavlov

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Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last?

answer

Acquisition ? extinction ? spontaneous recovery

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_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

answer

Extinction

question

Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago. Now she cries out whenever any flying insect comes too close. Jennifer is demonstrating

answer

generalization.

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Some children with seizure problems bang their heads against a wall, causing themselves serious injury. As a result, a psychologist might administer a brief electric shock to such a child every time she bangs her head on the wall. This would be an example of

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aversive conditioning.

question

Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example?

answer

Positive punishment - Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse

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Imagine that you graphed the cumulative number of bar-press responses over time of four rats, each reinforced on a different one of the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement. Each rat's behavior is graphed on a separate line. The line with the greatest slope should be that displaying the behavior of the rat reinforced on the _____ schedule.

answer

variable-ratio

question

As part of a behavior modification program, Kendra and her partner each agree to praise the other if she completes her assigned household chores by the end of the day. Such praise is an example of:

answer

secondary reinforcement and positive reinforcement.

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A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule:

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by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

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One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks. Carlos' paycheck is a _____ reinforcer.

answer

secondary

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A(n) _____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, putting on a sweater when your cold for example, which leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

answer

negative

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A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period. This incentive illustrates a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

fixed-interval

question

Dr. Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst. What does she do?

answer

She specializes in behavior modification techniques.

question

Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example?

answer

Negative reinforcement - Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet

question

Typically long pauses in responding are found in _____ schedules.

answer

fixed-interval

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_____ learning occurs without reinforcement.

answer

Latent

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The cognitive learning concept of _____ learning is associated most prominently with _____.

answer

latent; Tolman

question

Recall Tolman's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze. What was the critical result?

answer

Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment.

question

Some bears kept in captivity allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. From your study of psychology, you quickly surmise that the bears have undergone an extensive ________ program.

answer

shaping

question

In Sweden, it is illegal for parents to spank their children. Since the laws were passed, youth rates of crime have

answer

remained the same.

question

Which of the following is the response most parents give when asked why they physically punish their children?

answer

The parent was spanked as a child and his or her child also needs strong discipline.

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David earns $1,000 every time his sales reach $100,000. For David, the bonus is an example of ________ reinforcement.

answer

positive

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If, through experience, you come to the conclusion that all things are beyond your control and therefore you should not even try, you are exhibiting

answer

learned helplessness.

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Kayla is selling her Girl Scout cookies in the neighborhood. She never knows how many houses she will have to visit before she sells all of her cookies. Kayla is operating on a ________ schedule.

answer

variable ratio

question

A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

answer

Fixed ratio

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Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her boss a compliment before asking for a personal day, because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses. This example most clearly illustrates:

answer

stimulus generalization.

question

A variable-interval schedule is a schedule:

answer

by which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average rather than being fixed.

question

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?

answer

Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.

question

A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule:

answer

by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.

question

_____ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

answer

Positive punishment

question

The root of operant conditioning may be traced to _____'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

answer

Thorndike

question

Which of the following does not accurately reflect a distinction between classical and operant conditioning?

answer

Classical conditioning applies to voluntary behavior, while operant conditioning applies to involuntary behavior.

question

Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is "sending signals." A learning theorist would term such signals:

answer

discriminative stimuli.

question

Observational learning is based in part on the activity of _____ neurons in the brain.

answer

mirror

question

The cognitive learning concept of _____ learning is associated most prominently with _____.

answer

latent; Tolman

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_____ learning occurs without reinforcement.

answer

Latent

question

Gary takes his car to the auto shop for routine maintenance every 3,000 miles. He is trying to avoid a major repair bill in the future. His behavior demonstrates

answer

negative reinforcement.

question

Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a doggie biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt first used a ________ schedule, and then a ________ schedule to train Buster.

answer

continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

question

On the way home from work, you decide to explore a side street that you have passed on several occasions. You are surprised to find that it runs parallel to the expressway. Several weeks later, there is a major accident on your usual travel route so you take this alternate route home. This is an example of ________ learning.

answer

latent

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Cecil turns off all the lights in his house to avoid a huge electric bill. Cecil's behavior is an example of

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negative reinforcement.

question

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

answer

Getting scolded

question

In operant conditioning

answer

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

question

For the past month, Larry has been grounded each time he hits his little brother. Lately, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother has decreased. Grounding Larry is an example of

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negative punishment.

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Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called _____ reinforcers.

answer

primary

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Negative reinforcement:`

answer

increases the likelihood that preceding behaviors will be repeated.

question

"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of:

answer

effect.

question

Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model is known as _____.

answer

observational learning

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Josh has a crush on the girl at the movie rental store. He knows that she works every Thursday afternoon, so he only visits the store on Thursdays. Josh is operating on a ________ schedule.

answer

fixed interval

question

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called:

answer

reinforcement.

question

Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n) _____ reinforcement schedule

answer

continuous

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_____ punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant.

answer

Negative

question

Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is/are CORRECTLY matched with the type of learning it reflects?

answer

Reinforcing client directly by interacting with the feared object - operant conditioning

question

Kevin used to cry, whine, throw temper tantrums, and eventually start screaming in the department store whenever he wanted a toy. His mother would resist initially but when he would start screaming she would give in. Eventually, Kevin started with the screaming to get his toy. Kevin is demonstrating

answer

the law of effect.

question

Which of the following is NOT associated with Skinner?

answer

Conditioned stimulus

question

Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be picked up if he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, picking up Simon whenever he cries is a ________ for the baby.

answer

positive reinforcer

question

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

answer

Candy

question

Which process determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

answer

Reinforcement

question

John is taking an agent that causes nausea every time he smokes a cigarette. This is a form of

answer

aversive conditioning.

question

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

answer

Informing an employee that he has been demoted because of a poor job evaluation.

question

Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

answer

A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage.

question

Sheryl's parents have told her that she is "grounded" and will not be allowed to watch any television for a week, because she is not completing her assignments on time. This is an example of:

answer

negative punishment.

question

Dr. DiFonzo notices several students nodding in agreement as he lectures. Subsequently, his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate. The students have provided _____ reinforcement.

answer

positive

question

Which of the following expressions best reflects the capacity of short-term memory?

answer

About seven +/- two chunks

question

_____ memory is memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.

answer

Semantic

question

We look up a number in the phone book, push the book away, and then begin to dial the number. Why do we discourage an interruption during this process?

answer

Information lasts only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory.

question

Which of the following best describes the effect of stress on working memory capacity?

answer

Stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity.

question

Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby:

answer

neural pathways become activated more easily as learning occurs.

question

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage model of memory?

answer

Sensory memory ? short-term memory ? long-term memory

question

The recency effect refers to the fact that:

answer

items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented in the middle of a list.

question

Rehearsal refers to the:

answer

repetition of information that has entered short-term memory.

question

Which of the following is true of the neuroscience of memory?

answer

The amygdala is especially involved with memories involving emotion.

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A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. We would expect the greatest number of recall errors in lines:

answer

in the middle of the poem.

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The activation of information that a person already has in storage is referred to as

answer

priming.

question

Jacob is a server in a fancy restaurant. He takes orders without writing anything down. Which memory process does he use first?

answer

Selective attention

question

Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala. What memory problems is she most likely to experience?

answer

Difficulty with emotional memories

question

You are amazed at how the server in the fancy restaurant accurately remembered all of the orders from you and your 11 friends without writing them down. It is likely that while the server was taking your orders, he

answer

did not notice the woman at the next table who was putting food in her handbag.

question

Kim was telling her friend about her most recent trip to her grandmother's house, but was having trouble remembering certain details. Later that month she visited her grandmother again and the details came flooding back. This is an example of

answer

the effects of context on retrieval.

question

When asked to memorize these 15 letters—C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S—Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of

answer

chunking.

question

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

answer

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

question

Talking to people about what you have learned is a form of

answer

rehearsal.

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You are engrossed in your favorite TV show in the living room. Your roommate yells for you to bring a flyswatter to the kitchen. Vaguely aware that a request is being made of you, you ask your roommate to repeat herself. Before she can reply, however, the sound of the words "bring a flyswatter to the kitchen" play through your mind. This is an example of ________ memory.

answer

echoic

question

Your mom is always giving you grief about how you surf the Web and send text messages while you are studying. You explain that multitasking does not affect your grades. Is your position supported by the information presented in the textbook?

answer

No; studies have confirmed that individuals do not do well on memory tests of information that was acquired while performing other tasks.

question

"I know it! It's um . . . um . . . ," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is engaged in a test of her _____ memory.

answer

explicit

question

Some psychologists consider classical conditioning to be a form of implicit memory. Which of the following is probably the best reason for suggesting that classical conditioning is a type of implicit memory?

answer

Classical conditioning occurs outside awareness.

question

"I know it! It's um . . . um . . . It starts with 'G'," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to the _____ effect.

answer

tip-of-the-tongue

question

According to the levels-of-processing theory, which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests?

answer

Irene, who pays close attention to what is taught in class

question

_____ is a memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives.

answer

Recognition

question

_____ amnesia occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it.

answer

Source

question

Ralph is preparing a report on his academic field trip to a manufacturing plant. He is trying to remember each event of the trip in the order in which it occurred to prepare an accurate report in a presentable form. Which of the following memory tasks is Ralph using?

answer

Recall

question

During a conversation, Jerry told his friend that their favorite rock band was coming to perform in their city. However, he could not remember the medium through which he got the information about the show. Jerry was experiencing:

answer

source amnesia.

question

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test. He re-reads the question, scans the options beneath the question, and glances at other questions on the test. Most likely, Chad is looking for:

answer

retrieval cues.

question

With respect to the potential influence of a written language on the recall ability of a culture's members, research has:

answer

revealed that a written language probably has little influence on people's memory ability.

question

Pierre has been an alcoholic for several decades. Now in his 50s, his intellectual abilities are intact, but he suffers from memory deficits and hallucinations. Based on this information, you suspect that Pierre may be afflicted with:

answer

Korsakoff's syndrome.

question

Jerry is at a party. He is introduced to three different people in the span of a moment. Later, he is approached by the first person he met and cannot remember her name. Which of the following is most likely the source of Jerry's difficulty?

answer

Jerry failed to encode the woman's name.

question

In _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident.

answer

retrograde; anterograde

question

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses, as she's had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing _____ interference; Pippa is experiencing _____.

answer

proactive; retroactive interference

question

In _____ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in _____ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

answer

proactive; retroactive

question

Eyewitness accounts of crimes are

answer

prone to errors.

question

Encoding failure occurs when

answer

the information was never entered into long-term memory.

question

A few years ago, you had a boyfriend named Phil. Now, you have a new boyfriend named Stephen. Because of ________, you sometimes call Stephen by the wrong name.

answer

proactive interference

question

Shauna is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of memory

answer

rehearsal.

question

An individual's autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual's

answer

personal identity.

question

The conscious repetition of information to ensure its survival in short-term memory is termed _____ rehearsal.

answer

elaborative

question

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information is known as _____.

answer

memory

question

_____ memory is memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.

answer

Semantic

question

On your computer desktop, you can see all sorts of different files, each immediately accessible. Because you are actively working on them, and because you can open them whenever you want, these files are in fact very similar to the kind of information held in:

answer

working memory.

question

Which of the following is true of the neuroscience of memory?

answer

The amygdala is especially involved with memories involving emotion.

question

In John's favorite picture, he is riding with his father on a lawn mower. John also likes the smell of freshly mowed grass. Which of the following cues do you predict will elicit the strongest emotional memory in John?

answer

Smell of freshly cut grass

question

You most likely store the seven-digit phone number from your previous address in ________ memory.

answer

long-term

question

Your mom is always giving you grief about how you surf the Web and send text messages while you are studying. You explain that multitasking does not affect your grades. Is your position supported by the information presented in the textbook?

answer

No; studies have confirmed that individuals do not do well on memory tests of information that was acquired while performing other tasks.

question

Your roommate, Rhiana, asks your advice on how to best study for her final exams. Because of your knowledge of context dependent memory, you recommend that she study

answer

quietly in the classroom in which she is to take her exam.

question

Kim was telling her friend about her most recent trip to her grandmother's house, but was having trouble remembering certain details. Later that month she visited her grandmother again and the details came flooding back. This is an example of

answer

the effects of context on retrieval.

question

Christopher clearly remembers that he was practicing his dialogues for his school play when he heard that the governor of his state had been assassinated. This is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

answer

flashbulb

question

The idea that disturbing memories may be repressed derives from:

answer

Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

question

Mickey is about to take his psychology final. Just before the exam, the person sitting next to Mickey asks him the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning. Mickey suddenly realizes that he cannot quite remember the name, but he knows that it starts with a P and is two syllables long. Mickey is experiencing:

answer

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

question

Which of the following is true of the levels-of-processing theory?

answer

At an intermediate level of processing, information is translated into meaningful units.

question

_____ is a process in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.

answer

Constructive process

question

Which of the following best describes the results of Ebbinghaus's work on forgetting?

answer

You'll forget most of it right away, and you'll keep on forgetting more of it, though at a slower rate.

question

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus,

answer

most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something.

question

An individual's autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual's

answer

personal identity.

question

You are taking both Spanish and French this semester. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of

answer

proactive interference.

question

In a _____ heuristic, known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown.

answer

familiarity

question

Syllogisms are used to study:

answer

reasoning.

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_____ intelligence is the field that examines how to use technology to imitate the outcome of human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities.

answer

Artificial

question

Which of the following terms best captures the meaning of the term heuristic, as cognitive psychologists use it?

answer

Strategy

question

When you use the representativeness heuristic, you are:

answer

assuming that something is typical of its class.

question

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed as a(n):

answer

algorithm.

question

Which of the following is true about mental images?

answer

They are representations in the mind of an object or event.

question

Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics?

answer

An article by a Nobel Prize winner titled "How to Succeed in Science"

question

Clint is mentally rehearsing his golf swing in his mind's eye. Based on the text's discussion of mental imagery, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

answer

Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing. Carrying out the task involves the same network of brain cells as the network used in mentally rehearsing it.

question

The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory.

answer

availability

question

Which of the following would NOT be a defining property of the prototype of an airplane?

answer

It is silver.

question

What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?

answer

An algorithm always leads to a correct solution, while a heuristic does not.

question

Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them?

answer

She will only read the editorials that she agrees with.

question

You would be most likely to seek out information that refutes your hypothesis when you engage in

answer

critical thinking.

question

Creative thinkers are NOT usually

answer

motivated by the feedback of others.

question

After the outcome of an election is announced, you state that you knew all along what the outcome would be. This is a form of

answer

hindsight bias.

question

Cathy just got transferred to a new department. She has long believed that her new supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable person. According to confirmation bias, what will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?

answer

She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.

question

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is best described as

answer

open-mindedness.

question

You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday of this coming weekend. Your apartment is a mess, and you have nothing to wear. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. This process of defining intermediate problems is known as

answer

creating subgoals.

question

Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of ___________, a task that only humans can perform.

answer

developing new learning goals

question

_____ psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, and judging.

answer

Cognitive

question

When you go to the supermarket, you see the brand of cookies you usually buy, and settle for it. Usually it's a good rule of thumb, because it saves a lot of time. You do not ponder over every type of cookie available in the store. This is an example of a(n) _____.

answer

familiarity heuristic

question

Formal reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from a set of assumptions is known as _____ reasoning.

answer

syllogistic

question

The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory.

answer

availability

question

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend. Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend wouldn't tell her what was bothering him. Iris is using the _____ heuristic.

answer

availability

question

An effective way to strategize your organization of subgoals is to

answer

work backward in your planning.

question

When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is a potential advantage of using heuristics for solving real-life problems?

answer

Convenience

question

Which activity probably requires mindfulness?

answer

Studying psychology

question

Someone relying on convergent thinking would answer _____ to the query "What can you do with a toothbrush?"

answer

"You brush your teeth with it"

question

_____ is defined as a sudden awareness of the relationship among problem elements; it is thought to lead rapidly to the problem's solution.

answer

Insight

question

A jeweler is unable to fix a particular mounting in a ring because she can imagine only the conventional uses for her tools. This best demonstrates which of the following?

answer

Functional fixedness

question

Millie is stumped by a problem in her pre-calculus text. She furtively glances at the answer provided in the back of the text to get an idea of how the solution should look before she returns to the problem. Millie's strategy most closely resembles the problem-solving heuristic of:

answer

working backward.

question

Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports; he appears to ignore editorials critical of the candidate. Nigel appears prone to:

answer

the confirmation bias.

question

_____ refers to the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist.

answer

Mental set

question

The text's discussion of insight suggests that its key characteristic is its:

answer

suddenness.

question

Which of the following is true of creativity?

answer

Cognitive complexity is an important aspect of creativity.

question

The ability to generate original ideas or develop novel solutions to problems is known as:

answer

creativity.

question

The _____ hypothesis suggests language leads to thought.

answer

linguistic-relativity

question

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the components of language, from the smallest or most specific to the broadest?

answer

Phoneme ? syntax ? semantics

question

Approximately how many phonemes are found in English?

answer

52

question

The text reports the case of a girl named Genie, who was exposed to virtually no language from the age of 20 months until the age of 13. In what way does Genie's case offer support for the notion of a critical period in language acquisition?

answer

Even with intensive instruction, Genie acquired only a very small vocabulary after the age of 13; furthermore, she never mastered the complexities of language.

question

Linguists have identified more than _____ different phonemes among all the world's languages.

answer

more than 800

question

Phonology is the study of:

answer

speech sounds.

question

Connie is telling her mother a story about a scary dog she encountered in a neighbor's yard. "Then I runned away," Connie concludes. Which language acquisition phenomenon is Connie demonstrating? About how old is Connie?

answer

Connie is overgeneralizing. She is probably 3-4 years old.

question

Theorists taking an interactionist approach to language acquisition:

answer

agree that the brain is hardwired to acquire language.

question

The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar. This sentence is

answer

syntactically correct but semantically incorrect.

question

The term universal linguist refers to the idea that

answer

infants can distinguish all of the sounds that make up human speech.

question

You tell your roommate, "I misplaced my wallet." Your roommate exclaims, "Oh my goodness, you lost your wallet?" You respond, "No, I didn't lose my wallet, I misplaced it." This exchange best demonstrates the ________ aspect of language.

answer

semantic

question

Mental representations of objects are called _____; mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people are called _____.

answer

images; concepts

question

Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics?

answer

Heuristics represent commonly used approaches to the solution of a problem.

question

Although used often, the comparison between the computer and human information processing is oversimplified. Why?

answer

Computer information input is precoded and ambiguities are removed before processing.

question

Samantha's belief that Gabe, who is muscular and wearing gym shorts, is a member of the football team is an example of

answer

the representativeness heuristic.

question

The study of insight is associated with the German psychologist _____; he studied problem solving among _____.

answer

Kohler; chimpanzees

question

As compared to less creative individuals, creative persons:

answer

prefer more complex stimuli.

question

In written language, letters most closely represent _____, whereas sentences may be said to reflect _____.

answer

phonemes; syntax

question

In _____, students are educated in their native language and in English simultaneously; in _____, they are educated only in English.

answer

bilingual education; immersion programs

question

What is meant by the notion of a critical period for language acquisition?

answer

It is the time in one's childhood in which a child is particularly sensitive to language cues and most easily acquires language.

question

The term universal linguist refers to the idea that

answer

infants can distinguish all of the sounds that make up human speech.

question

Infinite generativity refers to the ability to

answer

create unlimited numbers of meaningful sentences.

question

Many smokers like to point to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly 100, as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer. They are utilizing

answer

confirmation bias.

question

The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of a(n)

answer

availability heuristic.

question

Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb only because he experimented with thousands of different kinds of materials for a filament before he found one that worked (carbon). This shows that at the most basic level, we can solve problems through _____.

answer

trial and error

question

The theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning is known as the _____ approach.

answer

learning-theory

question

Contemporary tests of intelligence are in widespread use in the United States EXCEPT the:

answer

Spearman G Scale.

question

Early theorists such as Spearman argued that g represented general intelligence. According to these theorists, individuals high in g:

answer

have an advantage in every intellectual endeavor.

question

According to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living is known as _____ intelligence.

answer

practical

question

In the introduction to its discussion of intelligence, your text suggests that conceptions of intelligence vary cross-culturally. To the Trukese of the South Pacific, for example, intelligence may mean the ability to navigate on the open water without technological assistance; to an American high schooler, it may mean the ability to score well on standardized tests of academic achievement and aptitude. Nevertheless, one element of the understanding of intelligence that is consistent across culture is:

answer

the ability to use the resources provided by one's environment.

question

The g-factor is:

answer

a broad factor that supports every aspect of intelligence.

question

A researcher develops a questionnaire to assess the personality trait of impulsivity among adults. In a journal article, she presents evidence that college students tend to get essentially the same score if they take the test twice, two months apart. She also presents the average score, the highest score, and the lowest score obtained by two large samples: one of 2,000 college students, and one of 750 community-dwelling noncollege adults. However, when you look at the sample questionnaire items she included in the article, it seems to you that they relate more to whether a person is sociable, outgoing, and fun than to whether an individual is impulsive. You are questioning the _____ of the researcher's questionnaire.

answer

validity

question

Below are several statements about the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Which statement is CORRECTLY identified as false?

answer

The same items are used for test-takers of different ages - False

question

The property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure is known as _____.

answer

reliability

question

The three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg include each of the following except _____ intelligence.

answer

logical

question

An online intelligence test yields a different IQ each time you take it. The test is:

answer

not reliable, and probably not valid either.

question

Traditional tests were designed to relate to _____.

answer

academic success

question

The practical problem Alfred Binet was trying to solve when he developed his intelligence test was:

answer

identifying slow learners for remedial aid.

question

Peyton has an IQ score of 60. Although her development was typically slower than that of her peers, she is now able to hold a job and will soon start a family of her own. Peyton is most probably:

answer

mildly retarded.

question

Terman's long-term study of the intellectually gifted found that they tend to be:

answer

outgoing.

question

Which of the following alternatives offers the most accurate assessment of the origin of familial retardation in nature on the one hand, or nurture on the other?

answer

We do not know the extent to which familial retardation reflects nature and nurture.

question

Imagine that American children and African children are asked to memorize the locations of objects on a chessboard. In one condition, the objects are rocks; in the other, they are household objects common in the West. What might you predict regarding the children's performance?

answer

The performance of the African children will exceed that of the American children when the objects are rocks but not when they are Western household objects.

question

A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group is termed as a _____ test.

answer

culture-fair

question

Which theory of intelligence is best suited to explain the abilities of individuals with savant syndrome, or individuals with extremely high levels of intelligence in one area and virtually little or none in other areas?

answer

Gardener

question

Dr. Ambrose feels that a particular intelligence test is probably culturally biased. Which of the following test questions would concern Dr. Ambrose the most?

answer

In which month of the year is the Super Bowl played?

question

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but it does not accurately measure intelligence, then the test is ___________ but not ___________.

answer

reliable; valid

question

Which of the following is true of academic success and career success?

answer

Academic success and career success are based on two different types of intelligence.

question

Studies of changes in intelligence as a function of aging suggest that:

answer

fluid intelligence tends to decline with age in adults.

question

Which of the following is true about tests?

answer

Test validity and reliability are prerequisites for accurate assessment of intelligence.

question

Etta is taking an intelligence test based on Gardner's multiple intelligences theory. How is Etta's performance likely to be scored?

answer

She will receive a score for each of eight types of intelligence.

question

Which of the following best expresses the distinction between the WAIS-IV and WISC-IV?

answer

The WAIS-IV is used to test adult intelligence, whereas the WISC-IV is used to test children's intelligence.

question

In what way do current theories of intelligence differ from those offered earlier in psychology's history?

answer

Contemporary theories propose that there may be many multiple forms of intelligence, rather than just one.

question

Early theorists inferred the existence of a general intelligence g factor from:

answer

the positive correlations among tests of different intellectual skills.

question

The _____ area of the brain is critical to juggling many pieces of information simultaneously and solving new problems.

answer

lateral prefrontal cortex

question

About 95% of the population have an IQ score between _____ and _____.

answer

70; 130

question

The IQ of intellectually gifted individuals is _____.

answer

130 or above

question

Peyton has an IQ score of 60. Although her development was typically slower than that of her peers, she is now able to hold a job and will soon start a family of her own. Peyton is most probably:

answer

mildly retarded.

question

Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of it in the kin is known as _____ retardation.

answer

familial

question

Based on the text's discussion of the Flynn effect, how might the IQ of the average 18-year-old today compare with that of his/her counterpart 60 years ago?

answer

The IQ score of the average 18-year-old today is about 15 points higher than that of his/her counterpart 60 years ago.

question

Jorge's parents talked and communicated with him a great deal from the time he was born. Based on the research in the text, which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to Jorge's IQ?

answer

The stimulation provided by Jorge's parents will positively affect his IQ.

question

Most subjects in Terman's study were

answer

doctors, lawyers, and businesspeople.

question

Which theory of intelligence is best suited to explain the abilities of individuals with savant syndrome, or individuals with extremely high levels of intelligence in one area and virtually little or none in other areas?

answer

Gardener

question

_____ intelligence is the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of one's mental state.

answer

Emotional

question

Collectivist cultures, such as Taiwan's, place a high priority on how individuals relate to each other. It might be reasonable to hypothesize that Taiwanese adults might outscore American adults on a test of Gardner's _____ intelligence.

answer

interpersonal

question

Gardner's theory includes each of the following types of intelligence EXCEPT:

answer

tacit intelligence.

question

In contrast to _____, _____ is more a reflection of the culture in which a person is raised.

answer

fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence

question

Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of it in the kin is known as _____ retardation.

answer

familial

question

Terman's long-term study of the intellectually gifted found that they tend to be:

answer

outgoing

question

Challenges to writing culturally fair test questions include ___________ factors.

answer

All of these.

question

The batting averages of major league baseball players have shown a steady increase over the last 30 years. This parallels which observation made from the world of intelligence testing?

answer

Flynn effect

question

The practical problem Alfred Binet was trying to solve when he developed his intelligence test was:

answer

identifying slow learners for remedial aid.

question

According to the text, a positive feature of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is:

answer

that it has led to the development of intelligence tests that allow test takers to be creative.

question

Knowledge of the internal aspects of oneself is termed as _____.

answer

intrapersonal intelligence

question

Ashley, a psychology major, remarks that she has become interested in the study of intelligence. In other words, Ashley is interested in:

answer

the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively.

question

_____ refers to skills involved in the production and use of language.

answer

_____ refers to skills involved in the production and use of language.

question

People who are high in _____ intelligence are able to learn general norms and principles and apply them appropriately.

answer

practical

question

Higher intelligence is related to the thickness of the _____.

answer

cerebral cortex

question

Imagine that overall, 6-year-olds can complete a particular block design puzzle in 5 minutes. It takes Bailey almost 8 minutes to complete the task. In Binet's terms, Bailey's _____ age is _____ than 6.

answer

mental; lower

question

Dancers, athletes, actors, and surgeons display:

answer

bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

question

Based on the text's discussion, which of the following alternatives best captures the difference, if any, between the terms mental retardation and intellectual disability?

answer

Intellectual disability is becoming the preferred term, while mental retardation is the traditional term.

question

Which of the following alternatives offers the most accurate assessment of the origin of familial retardation in nature on the one hand, or nurture on the other?

answer

We do not know the extent to which familial retardation reflects nature and nurture.

question

The inclusive philosophy behind the educational mainstreaming of mentally retarded individuals reflects federal laws passed in the:

answer

mid-1970s.

question

Which of the following is true of full inclusion?

answer

Full inclusion is a controversial practice.

question

Regarding the integration of mentally retarded students into regular classrooms, which of the following statements is true?

answer

In full inclusion programs, mentally retarded students are integrated into regular classroom activities to a greater extent than in the case of mainstreaming.

question

In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray argued that:

answer

the IQ gap between Caucasian and African Americans reflects genetics.

question

You have been asked to review a set of test items that are being considered for a standardized intelligence test. The test constructors want to eliminate all items that contain any possible cultural bias. With this task in mind, which of the following questions would you eliminate first?

answer

What is the name of the main character in The Wizard of Oz?

question

The new term for "mental retardation" is

answer

intellectual disability.

question

A psychologist has developed a new test to measure the verbal ability of third graders. To determine the range of scores (and what is a good and bad score), he gives the test to 10,000 third graders. In the future, he will compare the performance of others to this reference group. This process of determining meaningful scores establishes testing

answer

norms.

question

Dhiraj has an insightful mind and excels at solving new types of problems with unique solutions. Which of Sternberg's intelligences would best explain this?

answer

Creative

question

The formula for the intelligence quotient as Binet defined it is:

answer

MA/CA x 100.

question

In approximately _____ of the cases of mental retardation there is an identifiable biological cause; the most common of these is _____.

answer

one-third; fetal alcohol syndrome

question

Which of the major intelligence concepts described in your text is CORRECTLY matched with a description?

answer

Crystallized intelligence - information, skills, and strategies learned through experience

Psychology 105 Quarterly Exam 2 (6-9) – Flashcards

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