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Psychology started as:

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the study of consciousness but did not emphasize the unconscious.

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Sigmund Frued

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-Founder of Psychoanalysis -proposed that dream images are disguised and symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and urges

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Wilhelm Wundt

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German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879

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Functionalism emphasizes the process of consciousness

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...

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William James

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1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

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G. Stanley Hall

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-Est. 1st American Psychology Department -1st president of the American Psychological Society -American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States

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B.F. Skinner

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-Believed that psychology should focus on observable behavior and Not on consciousness experience. -Pioneer of operant conditioning - believed everything we do is determined by our past history of reinforcements and punishments.

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Developmental Psychologist

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a psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures

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Psychometrician:

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A psychologist who specializes in the construction and use of tests designed to measure various psychological constructs such as intelligence and various personality characteristics.

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School Psychologist

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Psychologists who test IQ, diagnose students' academic problems, and set up programs to improve students' achievement; assesses and counsels students, consults with educators and parents, and performs behavioral intervention when necessary.

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Hypothesis

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possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question

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Variables

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Any measurable conditions, events, characteristic, or behaviors

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Theories

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a widely accepted explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence

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Random Assignment

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assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

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Control Group

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The group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

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Experimental Group

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The group that is submitted to change in the experiment

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Descriptive

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-Used organized and summarize data -Measure central tendency

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Naturalistic Observation

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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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Survey

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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them

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Case Study

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a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view

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Correlation designs

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studies intended to indicate how variables are related to each other

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Independent Variable

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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

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Dendrites

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the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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Cell Body/Soma

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the region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus.

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Myelin Sheath

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a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers

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Terminal Buttons

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Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters

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Synaptic Cleft

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synaptic gap or synaptic space; tiny gap between the terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron (almost never touch); location of the transfer of an impulse from one neuron to the next

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Axon

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long nerve fiber that sends signals Soma--> Neurons

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Acetylcholine

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Voluntary motor control Contributes to learning, memory, and sleep Only Neuron transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles

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Dopamine

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Reward/Pleasure Neurotransmitter that influences voluntary movement, attention, alertness; lack of dopamine linked with Parkinson's disease; too much is linked with schizophrenia

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Serotonin

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a neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep,arousal,and mood. appears in lower than normal levels in depressed persons

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GABA

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Inhibitory response to regulation of sleep and anxiety

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Endorphins

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natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

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Action Potential

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a neural impulse; a breif electrical charge that travels down an axon

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Depolarization

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the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive

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Hyperpolarization

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The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.

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Central Nervous System

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the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

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the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord

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Two parts of peripheral nervous system:

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somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system

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Affernent

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Toward the brain

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Effernet

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Away from the brain

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Thalamus

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(Way station) The brains 'sensory switch board' located at top of brainstem; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex

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Medulla

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part of the brain nearest the spinal cord which controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

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Limbic System

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neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

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Hypothalamus

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Bodily needs 4 F's: Flight, flee, feeding, F*ing

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Pons

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part of the brain involved in sleep regulation also connects a cerebellum to the cerebral cortex; sleep and wake cycles

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Cerebellum

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the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

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Sensation

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an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation

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Perception

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the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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Subliminal Messaging

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stimuli below our absolute threshold that can affect our behavior in subtle ways

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Wavelength

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The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

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Amplitude

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The maximum distance the particles of a medium move away from their rest positions as a wave passes through the medium.

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Saturation

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the intensity of a color; how close it is to a pure hue

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Additive color mixing

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A process of color mixing that occurs when different wavelengths of light interact within the eye's receptors; a psychological process

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Subtractive color mixing

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A process of color mixing that occurs within the stimulus itself; a physical, not psychological, process

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Fovea

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area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute

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Cornea

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transparent anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye

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Retina

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the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

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Pupil

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the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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Blind Spot/ Optic Disk

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*the optic nerve arises from the retina *There are no retinal rods and cones in the area of the optic nerve *no images can form on the retina at this point.

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Iris

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a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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What part of the thalamus is associated with visual processing?

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(Look up in notes) Know what the two pathways are

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Light adaptation

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The process whereby the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination.

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Dark adaptation

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the process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination

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What are different stages of sleep

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NON-REM: Stage 1 - "drowsiness" Alpha-waves (awake but eyes closed) to Theta waves. Experience hypnic jerks, most conscious Stage 2 - "light sleep" Sleep spindles and K-complex. Decreased muscular activity & no external awareness. 45-55% of total sleep. Stage 3 - "Deep or slow wave" Delta-Waves. can experience night terrors, sleep walking, and talking REM: Beta-Waves, REM, Rapid low-voltage EEG. Muscular atonia and dreaming 20-25% sleep time. Increased sympathetics, high arousal.

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What device is used to measure brain waves during sleep cycle?

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Electroencephalogram

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Biological cycles:

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Annual cycle: Hibernation and migration 28 day cycle: Menstrual 24: Circadian 90-110 Min: Sleep ($ or 5 sleep cycles a night)

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What happens to REM sleep through out the night?

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-Paradoxal sleep -Majority of sleep occurs in this stage

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Define rebound in terms of sleep

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Increase deprived sleep cycles

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Role of melatonin

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Regulates the Circadian rhythms -Released 2-3 hours before sleep and causes drowsiness.

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Sleep disorders

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Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep. Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up. Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep.

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Classical conditioning

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A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian.

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Operant conditioning

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conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response

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Unconditioned stimulus

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response with out conditioning (Food)

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Unconditioned response

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unlearned reaction to a UCS (Salvation)

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Neutral stimulus

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a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response (tone)

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Conditioned response

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Learned reaction to controlled stimulus (Salvation)

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Conditioned stimulus

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neutral stimulus through experience illicits response (tone)

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Acquisition

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an ability that has been acquired by training

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Extinction

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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

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Spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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Higher-order conditioning

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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

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Discrimination

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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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Generalization

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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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Shaping

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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

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Positive reinforcement

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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

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Negative reinforcement

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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

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Positive punishment

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The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

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Negative punishment

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following an undesired response by removing a pleasant stimulus this is also called a time out and reduces the likelihood of the behavior reoccuring

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