Psychology 101. Final Exam: Neurotransmitter, IQ, Parkinson Disease - Flashcards

question

Each type of neurotransmitter has a specific _____, and each type of receptor site has a specific _____.

answer

Molecular shape; configuration.

question

A neuron firing an action potential is most like a person _____.

answer

Firing a gun.

question

A synapse is esentially a(n) _____.

answer

Gap.

question

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis include _____.

answer

Difficulty with voluntary movement.

question

Current estimates suggest we have around _____ neurons in our brain.

answer

86 billion.

question

Which statement is most correct about the complexity of neurological processes in the brain?

answer

Neurological processes are very complex, with many activities happening at the same time.

question

Which of the following axon membrane potentials represents the greatest amount of polarization?

answer

-70 millivolts.

question

The junction between adjoining neurons is called the _____.

answer

Synapse.

question

When the inside of the axon has a greater negative charge than the outside, it is safe to conclude that ______.

answer

An action potential is not being generated in that part of the axon.

question

Once an action potential reaches the end of the axon, how does the information usually get to the next neuron?

answer

Vesicles at the end of the axon release neurotransmitters which float across the synaptic cleft to the next neuron.

question

Georgia's a disease that is associated with a lack of dopamine-producing neurons in his brain. George most likely has _____.

answer

Parkinson's disease.

question

Hedda takes a drug that increases the amount of acetylcholine in her brain. Hedda is most likely taking this drug for which condition?

answer

Alzheimer's disease.

question

Which neurotransmitter is the primary target of drugs, such as Prozac, that are used to treat depression?

answer

Serotonin.

question

Treating a patient with Parkinson's disease with a drug that increases dopamine activity too greatly could lead to symptoms of _____.

answer

Schizophrenia.

question

Emilio is taking a drug for his Parkinson's disease. What effect would you expect this drug to have on Emilio's brain?

answer

Increase dopamine levels.

question

If you have just completed a vigorous physical workout, your central nervous system is most likely to have _____.

answer

Increased levels of endorphins.

question

Those who are prescribed Prozac are presumed to have _____ in their brain.

answer

Low levels of serotonin.

question

Treating a patient with schizophrenia with a drug that decreases dopamine activity too greatly could lead to symptoms of _____.

answer

Parkinson's disease.

question

The chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is _____ , and the chief excitatory neurotransmitter is _____.

answer

GABA; glutamate.

question

Dr. Bush specializes in the study of hormones and neurotransmitters. His research would show that ______.

answer

Some hormones behave like neurotransmitters.

question

When you reach out and accidentally touch a hot stove, information is sent through _____ neurons to tell your central nervous system that it is hot.

answer

Sensory.

question

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ______ and the _____.

answer

Central nervous system; peripheral nervous system.

question

The autonomic nervous system allows us to _____.

answer

Breathe without having to think about it.

question

A component of the autonomic nervous system is ______.

answer

The sympathetic nervous system.

question

When making a drive to the basket in a basketball game, your _____ nervous system sends signals to your muscles to coordinate your movements.

answer

Somatic.

question

Kiesha was driving in her car when a tractor-trailer pulled out in front of her and almost caused an accident. Which branch of Kiesha's nervous system was most responsible for the functioning of her internal organs during this crises?

answer

The sympathetic nervous system.

question

After cheering widly at an exciting football game your body may begin to relax on the way home. This relaxation reflects activity of the _____ nervous system.

answer

Parasympathetic.

question

The central nervous system includes the ______.

answer

Brain and spinal cord.

question

The branch of the nervous system that includes neurons that run between the brain and the muscles AND between the brain and the internal organs is the _____.

answer

Peripheral nervous system.

question

Motor neurons are to _____ as sensory neurons are to _____.

answer

Outward; inward.

question

The motor cortex is located in the _____ lobe of the cortex.

answer

Frontal.

question

Whereas the hindbrain is the _____ part of the brain, the forebrain is the _____ part of the brain.

answer

Primitive; intellectual.

question

The medulla is responsible for _____.

answer

Heartbeat and respiration.

question

The most convoluted and folded cortex would belong to _____.

answer

A human.

question

Recent research has shown that persons with autism spectrum disorders experience abnormal activity in the ______.

answer

Amygdala.

question

Suppose a person's brain is examined and found to be smaller and have a larger number of connections between hemispheres than average. This means that the person is more likely to be an _____ than _____.

answer

Female; male.

question

Motor-sensory cortex areas comprise about _____ of the cortex, and association cortex areas comprise about _____ of the cortex.

answer

25%; 75%

question

Suppose your neurosurgeon wants to get a good picture of your brain in action. What technique is she most likely to use?

answer

PET scan.

question

For the case of H.M. in the textbook: ______.

answer

His memory for events prior to the surgery remained intact.

question

Alcohol primarily impairs the functioning of the _____.

answer

Cerebellum.

question

In contrast to the endocrine system, the nervous system _____.

answer

Is faster acting.

question

Hormones in the endocrine system _____.

answer

Are primarily released by special organs in the body in response to signals from the pituitary gland.

question

The two major communication systems within the body are the nervous system and the _____ system.

answer

Endocrine.

question

Which gland plays a role in sexual maturation?

answer

Pineal gland.

question

Which progression represents the correct sequence for secretion of hormones?

answer

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, endocrine glands, organs of the body.

question

Jonna's immune system seems to be compromised. Her doctor has determined that the problem lies in her endocrine system. Which part of Jonna's endocrine system is most likely related to her poor immune system functioning?

answer

Adrenal cortex.

question

The sex hormones called estrogens are produced by the _____ , while the sex hormones called androgens are produced by the ______.

answer

ovaries; testes.

question

In the nercous system information is passed through the body's ______ , while in the endocrine system information is passed through the body's _____.

answer

Neurons; bloodstream.

question

In terms of working together, the nervous system and the endocrine system _____.

answer

Often work together to influence biological activity.

question

The structure in the brain that connects the endocrine system and the nervous system is the _____.

answer

Hypothalamus.

question

When you momentarily forget a friend's name, the function of memory that has failed is the _____ function.

answer

Retrieval.

question

What is the best example of the use of explicit memory?

answer

Remembering the name of an old friend.

question

Frika is washing dishes and she automatically puts the forks in the side drawer, despite the fact that she moved the forks to another drawer last week. Frika's error is most likely the result of _____ memory.

answer

Implicit.

question

Iconic memory is to _____ as echoic memory is to_____.

answer

Visual sensory memory; auditory sensory memory.

question

Mila received a new DVD player that she is trying to connect to the back of her television by feel alone. The first stage of memorizing how to make the connection would be through _____.

answer

Haptic sensory memory.

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding chunking?

answer

Chunking can increase the efficiency of short-term memory, but as the size of the chunks increases, the number of chunks that can be stored effectively will decrease.

question

Imagine that you are a subject in a study in which you are asked to remember a sequence of 20 letters of the alphabet dictated to you at the rate of one letter every two seconds. Immediately after the dictation, you are asked to recall the original sequence of letters. Most likely the researcher is studying what aspect of memory?

answer

Capacity of short-term memory.

question

Suppose you prepare for your test on memory by relating the information to your grandfather's memory problems due to Alzheimer's disease. In this case, you are using _____ rehearsal.

answer

Elaborative.

question

The working memory model is to _____ processing as the three-stage model is to _____ processing.

answer

Parallel; serial.

question

When Alzheimer's patients are tested on a single task matched to their ability (such as recalling a list of numbers), they tend to perform _____.

answer

The same as healthy control subjects.

question

Research on the impact of ringing cell phones on academic performance indicates that _____.

answer

Attention and memory are both affected.

question

Retrograde amnesia is to _____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____.

answer

Past; future.

question

Recall the case of H.M. as described in your text. With his hippocampus removed, H.M. was _____.

answer

Able to learn new procedural memories, but unable to recall how the memories were learned.

question

Recall is to ____ as recognition is to _____.

answer

Essay question; multiple-choice question.

question

Which method is LEAST likely to improve your memory?

answer

Using maintenance rehearsal.

question

Decay theory would have the hardest time dealing with any research finding suggesting that _____.

answer

Memories can last a very long time, even if they have not been accessed periodically.

question

Roberto has not thought of his third-grade teacher in over 40 years. According to decay theory, the memory trace for his teacher should be _____.

answer

Unavailable.

question

One of the functions of the central executive component of memory is to _____.

answer

Suppress interfering memory traces.

question

Dr. Rogers meets one of his students at a local shopping mall and he cannot recall her name. However, when he sees her in class the next Monday morning, he immediately recalls that her name is Junita. Which theory of forgetting best explains Dr. Roger's memory lapse?

answer

Cue-dependent theory.

question

How did Loftus interpret false memories?

answer

We accept subsequent misinformation as being correct, and this information becomes part of our memory for the original event.

question

Activity in the _____ is especially likely to occur when participants are deeply processing material.

answer

Left frontal lobe.

question

Procedural memory is linked to the _____.

answer

Striatum.

question

Jameel has a desire to learn as much about psychology as he can. Psychologists would call this desire a _____.

answer

Motive.

question

Wanting to get a college education is an example of _____.

answer

Motive.

question

The drive theory of motivation states that drives are _____.

answer

Negative states that we are motivated to reduce.

question

Dr. Williams is a psychologist who believes that motivation is produced when we feel an uncomfortable internal state that pushes us to find a way to feel better. Dr. Williams' belief is most compatible with which theory of motivation?

answer

Drive-reduction theory.

question

Maintaining bodily processes at a state of equilibrium is known as achieving _____.

answer

Homeostasis.

question

Guillermo feels best when he is sitting in a Japanese garden feeding the koi in the ponds. Knowing what you know about arousal and motivation, at what level of arousal will Guillermo most likely perform his best?

answer

A level of arousal that is below average.

question

Doing a job well because you get to experience a sense of pride in your accomplishments is a good example of _____ motivation.

answer

Intrinsic.

question

Abraham Maslow believed that after satisfying our basic physiological and security needs, we can begin to work on our _____ needs.

answer

Belonging.

question

Contrary to Maslow's beliefs about motivation, _____.

answer

People often seek to fulfill "higher" needs while depriving themselves of "lower" needs.

question

Whose behavior contradicts Maslow's hierarchy?

answer

Merrit, who skips lunch for a week so he can afford to take his partner to a concert.

question

Which substance tends to be associated with feeling hungry when it is at a high level in our body?

answer

Ghrelin.

question

When you feel full after eating a big meal, it is likely that your stomach _____.

answer

Has sent information to your brain about the calories in the food you have eaten.

question

A liver that is not working properly is most likely to have what effect?

answer

Body levels of glucose and glycogen will not be appropriately monitored.

question

Ghrelin is to _____ as leptin is to _____.

answer

Stomach; fat cells.

question

Neuropeptide Y exerts his strongest effect _____.

answer

Outside of the lateral hypothalamus.

question

A rat whose lateral hypothalamus was destroyed would be expected to _____.

answer

Starve to death.

question

One of the reasons that diets often do not work is that dieting _____.

answer

Leads to hunger and decreases the rate at which our bodies burn energy.

question

Research on dieters who break their diets suggests that _____.

answer

The idea of restraint in food intake goes out the door once they have already indulged.

question

What is a common characteristic of a person with bulimia?

answer

Average to slightly above average weight.

question

Research suggests that both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa may result from _____.

answer

A complex mix of biological, psychological, and cultural factors.

question

What percent of the population seeking professional treatment for weight control may have binge-eating disorder?

answer

30%.

question

The collection of personality traits that your society typically associates with either males or females is called _____.

answer

Gender.

question

In both men and women, sexual desire is influenced by _____.

answer

Testosterone.

question

Millennials report _____.

answer

Both the highest and lowest levels of masturbation compared to other generations.

question

Approximately _____ of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth report having experienced verbal abuse.

answer

80%.

question

Even though the James- Lange theory of emotion was criticized by Walter Cannon many years ago, more recent research suggests that _____.

answer

Some emotions do indeed involve different bodily reactions.

question

If you make yourself smile while reading your psychology textbook, research on the facial feedback hypothesis predicts that you will probably _____.

answer

Have more positive feelings about psychology.

question

Cross-cultural research on facial expressions has shown that _____.

answer

Just as slightly different dialects occur within the same language, so slightly different facial expressions occur for the same emotions across different cultures.

question

If you were deprived of sleep for a couple of nights, you would most likely _____.

answer

Experience microsleeps until you could get a longer night's sleep.

question

Michelle has three young children and sleeps an average of five hours a night. Which of the following is Michelle most likely to experience?

answer

Have difficulties succeeding in school and work.

question

If a male and female were raised with different expectations and lifestyles with regard to sleeping patterns, it would be expected that _____.

answer

They would each have a different need for sleep.

question

The reason why you might get tired and sleepy as the sun goes down is because your body is releasing _____ into your bloodstream.

answer

Melatonin.

question

Which statement is true regarding our sleep patterns?

answer

REM sleep consists of one stage, and non-REM sleep consists of four stages.

question

Japhet is lying in bed. He is relaxed, but he is not yet asleep. Japhet's brain is most likely producing _____.

answer

Alpha waves.

question

If Lebron, who is asleep and dreaming, and Kobe, who is awake, were both given brain scans, what would you expect their scans to look like?

answer

Both scans would be similar with a large amount of activity.

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding sleep stages?

answer

Dreaming can occur in all stages.

question

Freud would be most likely to agree with which statement?

answer

Dreams are important clues to the content of our unconsciousness.

question

Bailey studies all day on Sunday for her psychology final on Monday. When she wakes up Monday morning, she reports many intense and vivid dreams. Bailey's experience most supports which theory on dreaming?

answer

Memory theory.

question

Activation-synthesis theorists propose that dreams _____.

answer

Can provide us with some insight into ourselves.

question

What type of therapy is indicated for people with insomnia?

answer

Cognitive-behavioral.

question

A loss of neurons responsible for producing _____ may be the cause of narcolepsy.

answer

Hypocretin.

question

Night terrors are different from nightmares in that _____.

answer

Nightmares typically occur during REM sleep and night terrors typically occur during deep sleep.

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding quality of sleep and ethnicity?

answer

African Americans report lower sleep quality than European Americans.

question

While under hypnosis, a person is _____.

answer

Not asleep.

question

Dr. Chapman believes that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness but rather a condition in which people behave as they believe a hypnotized person would. Dr. Chapman endorses the _____ theory of hypnosis.

answer

Response set.

question

The three most widely used psychoactive drugs in U.S. society are _____.

answer

Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine.

question

Nicotine is a(n) ______ whereas marijuana is a(n) _____.

answer

Stimulant; hallucinogen.

question

THC binds to a neurotransmitter called _____.

answer

Anandamide.

question

Compared to using street drugs, non-medical use of prescription drugs is _____.

answer

Equally risky.

question

Which statement is TRUE regarding substance dependence?

answer

Withdrawal symptoms may involve both physical and behavioral effects.

question

Alcohol is to _____ as caffeine is to _____.

answer

Depressant; stimulant.

question

Rohypnol (Roofies) has been used as a date rape drug because of its _____ effects.

answer

Depressant.

question

Which type of drug has a medical use and therefore is prescribed by doctors?

answer

Oxycodone.

question

The orienting reflex is to _____ , as habituation is to _____.

answer

Novel experience; repeated experience.

question

Recent research on the brain and habituation suggests habituation is somewhat primitive in nature. This research has found that which part of the brain is involved in certain instances of habituation?

answer

Cerebellum.

question

Your new neighbor is an incredibly good cook, a skill you plan to exploit whenever possible. It becomes apparent, however, that your neighbor particularly enjoys preparing fish. You eventually get used to the odor and barely notice it but, when you return home after a two-week vacation, you very much notice the odor again. This illustrates _____.

answer

Dishabituation.

question

In Pavlov's original studies, salivation to meat was a(n) _____ and salivation to a buzzer was a(n) _____.

answer

unconditioned response; condition response.

question

Joseph goes out with his friends for pizza. Unbeknownst to him, he is coming down with a stomach virus. When the nausea associated with the virus kicks in, he vomits. Now, Joseph cannot even look at a pizza without feeling nauseous. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____.

answer

The pizza.

question

Television ads that use beautiful images to sell products are a good example of _____.

answer

Classical conditioning.

question

Little Albert learned to associate a _____.

answer

White rat with a loud noise.

question

Jennifer normally experiences a flood of romantic feelings whenever she smells a particular cologne because it reminds her of her boyfriend. Thankfully, when her younger brother wears the same cologne, she does not experience the same feelings. This is an example of _____.

answer

Stimulus discrimination.

question

When Antabuse is used to treat alcoholism through aversion therapy, the neutral stimulus in this classical conditioning example is _____.

answer

Alcohol.

question

Ashley grew up fearing clowns because of an incident early in her life. Although it took several years before the fear disappeared completely, she can now enjoy the entertainment that clowns offer. Her fear of clowns has undergone _____.

answer

Extinction.

question

Tad's ex-girlfriend used to wear Chanel perfume. Since their bitter break-up, Tad has fou7nd that he feels angry whenever he smells Chanel No. 5. What is the best way for Tad to get to the point where smelling Chanel No. 5 will no longer make him feel angry?

answer

He should frequently go to the local perfume counter and smell Chanel No. 5.

question

While on vacation, Juana eats bologna and then suffers an attack of car sickness. Now, when Juana even thinks of bologna, he feels sick to her stomach. How can Juana get to the point where she can once again eat bologna without feeling sick?

answer

She should resume eating bologna in situations where she is not likely to get sick.

question

Don is delighted when he successfully conditions his roommate, Lloyd, to cringe at the sound of the squeaky drawer by pairing the squeak with a ping-pong ball to his roommate's head. He decides to continue his experiment with classical conditioning and creates another squeaky noise by dragging chair legs across the floor. At first Lloyd cringes at the new squeak, but with the continued "trials" in which the drawer squeak is paired with a ping-pong ball to the head but the chair leg squeak is not, Lloyd stops cringing to the chair leg squeak, illustrating _____.

answer

Discrimination.

question

Thorndike concluded that his cats were learning because _____.

answer

Across repeated placements in a box, it took them a shorter amount of time to get out of the box.

question

Negative reinforcement leads to _____.

answer

An increase in behavior.

question

Joseph tells his buddies at work a joke that makes fun of women. To his surprise, his friends ignore him for several days. As a result, Joseph decides never again to tell a joke like that at work. Joseph's experience is an example of what type of consequence?

answer

Negative punishment.

question

Compared to classical conditioning, operant conditioning is more likely to result in _____.

answer

A variety of initial responses.

question

Thorndike is to _____ as Skinner is to _____.

answer

The law of effect; operant conditioning.

question

When an extinction burst occurs, it suggests that the organism _____.

answer

Has learned to expect reinforcement.

question

Chang gets paid $50 bonus for every 100 pairs of shoes that he sells. Chang is being reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

Fixed ratio.

question

If a teacher wants to change a pattern of student studying that typically increases on the days prior to a test and drops to almost no studying at all in the days following a test, she should try a variable interval schedule such as a system that uses _____.

answer

Random, unannounced tests.

question

Slot machines pay out according to a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

Variable ratio.

question

Xiao-ping has learned that if she whines to her mom, she will get candy. Based on this experience, Xiao-ping starts whining to her dad, too, in hopes of getting candy. Xiao-ping is illustrating _____.

answer

Generalization.

question

Rick wants his daughter to spend more time studying. Which strategy is most likely to work for Rick?

answer

He should reward his daughter when she does study.

question

Lloyd's roommate, Don, classically conditioned Lloyd to cringe whenever Don opened a squeaky drawer by pairing a squeak with a ping-pong ball to Lloyd's head. Lloyd wants to return the favor, so when Don is out, Lloyd discretely wires an electrode to the drawer handle so Don will be shocked when he touches it. Lloyd is using _____.

answer

Positive punishment.

question

When Alfred Binet developed a test of intelligence in France, the test was specifically designed to _____.

answer

Identify school children who would not likely do well in traditional schools.

question

The IQ formula was popularized by _____.

answer

Lewis Terman.

question

If a four-year-old child were shown to have a mental age of four when taking the Stanford-Binet test, the child's IQ would be _____.

answer

100 (Mental age divided by Real age multiplied by 100).

question

Martin is 18 years old, but he scored like an average 15 year old on the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Martin's IQ would be approximately ______.

answer

83 (Mental age divided by Real age multiplied by 100).

question

Dr. Tolman is a school psychologist who is working on a project to measure the intelligence of the children enrolled in a local preschool class. Which IQ test would be appropriate for Dr. Tolman's project?

answer

WPPSI-III.

question

Robert Sternberg argues that some of Howard Gardner's intelligences are ______.

answer

Actually talents that some people possess.

question

Lamar is in the water well drilling business in Oklahoma, and he has a talent for knowing where to find water. According to Robert Sternberg, Lamar is high in _____ intelligence.

answer

Practical.

question

According to Daniel Goleman, a person with a high level of intellectual abilities may still struggle in an intellectual pursuit if _____ intelligence is lacking.

answer

Emotional.

question

The dominant perspective in the nature-nurture debate today is called _____.

answer

Interactionism.

question

Twin studies show that intelligence _____.

answer

Stems both from genes and from the environment.

question

The fact that gender differences in intellectual abilities vary by culture, age, and race suggests that _____.

answer

The observed gender differences may be due to the environment.

question

Who viewed intelligence as the capacity to find and maintain a purpose, adopt a strategy to reach that purpose, and evaluate the strategy so it can be adjusted as necessary?

answer

Binet.

question

What is the upper age limit for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)?

answer

90 years old.

question

Based on your reading, which individual will have the highest level of intelligence?

answer

There is no way to predict individual IQ from group averages.

question

Those who believe that intelligence is primarily due to genetics would have the most difficulty explaining why _____.

answer

Black children placed in white families have above average IQs.

question

Who is most associated with the ideas of fluid and crystallized intelligence?

answer

Cattell.

question

A five-year-old child taking the Stanford-Binet test and scoring a mental age of four would have an IQ of _____.

answer

80 (Mental age divided by Real age multiplied by 100).

question

When Alfred Binet administered his intelligence test in France, he found that _____.

answer

Older children tended to answer more questions correctly than younger children.

question

Genetic studies suggest that _____.

answer

A group of genes accounts for about 40% of the variation in crystallized intelligence.

question

According to Freud, the _____ is protected by defense mechanisms.

answer

Ego.

question

In psychoanalytic theory, preciousness is to ____ awareness, as unconscious is to _____ awareness

answer

Potential; lack of

question

A sexually promiscuous teenage girl may not realize that her motivations stem from conflicting emotions surrounding growing up without a father. Freud would most likely say that her motivations are arising from her _____.

answer

Unconscious.

question

According to Freud, which part of a person's personality is the largest?

answer

Unconscious.

question

Which sequence correctly represents the developmental order for the three components of personality according to Freud?

answer

Id, ego, superego.

question

Kelly was sexually abused as a child but has no memory of the event. According to Freud, Kelly's memory of the abuse probably resides in her _____.

answer

Unconscious.

question

The ego operates according to _____.

answer

The reality principle.

question

Rosalinda wants a new Bratz doll, but she has no money. The thought of stealing the doll crosses Rosalinda's mind, but she decides not to steal because stealing is wrong. According to Freud, Rosalinda's decision not to steal is most influenced by the _____.

answer

Superego.

question

A freudian slip is ____.

answer

An unconscious id impulse that is expressed before the ego can control it.

question

A difference between a Freudian slip and a defense mechanism is that ____.

answer

Defense mechanisms are intentionally implemented by the ego.

question

The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex occur in the ____ stage of psychosexual development.

answer

Phallic.

question

Anal-retentiveness is an example of a _____.

answer

Fixation.

question

What do Karen Horney, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler all have in common?

answer

They all disagreed with Freud's emphasis on instinctual sexual drives.

question

For Carl Jung, the persona and shadow are _____.

answer

Elements of ourselves that we either show or hide from the world.

question

Carl Jung is to ____ , as Karen Horney is to _____.

answer

Archetypes; basic anxiety.

question

Sofia is giving a lecture in which she discusses Freud's sources of information for his theory of personality. She is most likely to argue that Freud's _____.

answer

Case studies reflected a biased sample of individuals.

question

Why is Freud's theory of personality difficult to disprove?

answer

The major concepts of Freud's theory are based on the unconscious and are therefore difficult to measure.

question

Which theorist is associated with the idea of the collective unconscious?

answer

Jung.

question

Which statement would be most agreeable to a trait theorist?

answer

Personality characteristics tend to remain relatively stable as we age.

question

Although Scott is not generally a sociable person, he can be, when he is with people that he knows quite well. Gordon Allport would consider Scott's sociability to be a _____.

answer

Secondary trait.

question

Tom and Maria are both outgoing in varying degrees. Tom can easily strike up a conversation with anyone. Maria is more likely to be outgoing with her friends. According to Cattell, if everyone has some degree of outgoingness in them like Tom and Maria, this would be considered a _____ trait.

answer

Source.

question

Which of the following describes the two personality factors originally developed by Hans Eysenck?

answer

Where a person's energy is focused and how much control is exerted over emotions.

question

Hans is a moody, nervous, and irritable person. Eysenck would label Hans as _____.

answer

High in neuroticism.

question

Which of the following is one of the core traits in the five factor trait theory?

answer

Extraversion.

question

Katrina was adopted as a newborn and has never had any contact with her biological parents. It would be expected that her personality is most similar to the personalities of her _____.

answer

Biological parents.

question

Cross-cultural studies on personality traits have shown that _____.

answer

In spite of language and cultural differences, some personality traits appear to be universal.

question

Constantino is a younger teenager in high school. Which personality change is Constantino most likely to undergo over the next ten years?

answer

He will become more agreeable and emotionally stable.

question

Which of the following is true of trait theory?

answer

It does not adequately explain why we behave in a certain way.

question

As they age, people tend to become _____.

answer

More emotionally stable.

question

Albert Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism is part of which theory of personality?

answer

Social cognitive theory.

question

Stella believes that the events of her life are determined largely by a supreme being. Rotter would say that Stella has a(n) _____.

answer

External locus of control.

question

What is the commonly accepted view of current psychologists regarding the nature-nurture controversy?

answer

The interaction of nature and nurture determines what we become.

question

A developing organism tat has become a blastocyst is in the _____ prenatal stage.

answer

Germinal.

question

All the major organs and biological systems (such as the cardiovascular system, digestive system, and skeletal system) begin forming in the _____ period.

answer

Embryonic.

question

The greatest vulnerability to teratogens occurs in the _____ stage.

answer

Embryonic.

question

Ellease's unborn child just implanted itself in the uterine lining. Ellease's unborn child is in the _____ stage of prenatal development.

answer

Germinal.

question

Allison was born with an extra 21st chromosome, which makes her more susceptible to heart defects and intellectual disability. Allison has _____.

answer

Down syndrome.

question

The fact that the young brain prunes and and discards neural connections that are not used suggests that _____.

answer

The importance of providing stimulating environments for children.

question

Bonnie is a one-year-old infant who can handle items with her hands, an ability called _____.

answer

Prehension.

question

What advice would you give to the mother of a premature infant regarding physical touch stimulation of her baby?

answer

Routine touching and caressing will help facilitate weight gain.

question

Assimilation is to _____ as accommodation is to _____.

answer

Use of existing schema; creation of new schema.

question

Your fourteen-year-old niece would be expected to differ from your nine-year-old nephew in the ability to engage in _____ thinking.

answer

Abstract.

question

Vygotsky is to _____ as Piaget is to _____.

answer

England; USA

question

Which statement is TRUE with regard to the developmental theories of Piaget and Vygotsky?

answer

Piaget believed that cognitive development is most influenced by biological forces, whereas Vygotsky believed that social interactions are the primary influence on cognitive development.

question

Kyle takes some beers from a couple of cases his father keeps in the garage refrigerator. Kyle does this every once in a while so he can go drinking in the woods with friends and keep in good standing with them. Kyle is most likely in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.

answer

Conventional.

question

Carol Gilligan believes that _____.

answer

Kohlberg's model is biased against the way that females think about moral issues.

question

Current research on private speech suggests that _____.

answer

It should be encouraged when children are problem solving.

question

Kathy remains close to her father at all times, rarely exploring new environments or objects. She shows extreme distress if her father leaves and appears to be angry at him when he returns. Ainsworth would characterize Kathy's attachment as _____.

answer

Resistant.

question

Melissa is overprotective of her two-year-old son, Lance. She is so fearful that he will harm himself that she does everything for him and does not allow him to try and master simple tasks such as putting his toys away. It is likely that Lance may have difficulty resolving Erikson's crisis of _____.

answer

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

question

Haruki is a young male going through puberty. Compared to females his age, he is most likely going through puberty _____ them.

answer

Two years after.

question

Which physical change is not typical for people between 40 and 70 years of age?

answer

An increase in metabolism.

question

Your 75-year-old grandparents are likely to have experienced many physical changes associated with aging. If they are like most others their age, they _____.

answer

Would report that they are in good health.

question

Juan believes that he is unique or somehow destined for greatness. Juan is demonstrating _____.

answer

A personal fable.

question

If a mid-life crisis were to be experienced, it would most likely occur during Erikson's stage of _____.

answer

Generativity.

question

Which of the following couples is most likely to get a divorce?

answer

Ben and Marlene, who have parents who are divorced.

question

What is Ben, a high school senior, most likely to value when looking for a dating partner?

answer

Attractiveness of the partner.

question

Bereavement is to _____ as grief is to _____.

answer

The experience of losing a loved one; the emotional reaction to the loss.

question

Which of the following is an attitude?

answer

Liking spinach souffle and parsnips.

question

Operant conditioning influences the formation of attitudes through the _____.

answer

Consequences we receive for our own behaviors.

question

Cognitive dissonance theory most directly explains _____.

answer

Attitude change as a result of internal motivation.

question

When the Affordable Care Act was first implemented, politicians and media outlets opposed to it referred to it as "Obamacare" rather than the Affordable Care Act. In essence, they were trying to use _____ to persuade individuals it was a bad idea.

answer

The peripheral route.

question

In which venue would an attractive actor be BEST able to persuade people.

answer

On a television ad.

question

A trait attribution is to _____ , as a situational attribution is to _____.

answer

Personality; environment.

question

We commit the fundamental attribution error when _____.

answer

We discount situational explanations for behavior and rely more on trait explanations.

question

Cody is known to be judgmental and tends to harshly describe others as lazy or stupid when they require assistance. Cody is demonstrating _____.

answer

Self-serving bias.

question

A prejudice differs from a stereotype in that it includes _____.

answer

A negative emotional reaction.

question

Based on what you know about prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination, which sequence best represents how three processes often develop?

answer

Stereotypes, prejudices, discrimination.

question

Jane Elliot's "brown eye/blue eye" demonstration with her third grade class in the 1970s showed _____.

answer

How easy it is to create prejudice in children.

question

Most people feel an in-group bias, which means that they _____.

answer

View members of their own group more favorably than members of other groups.

question

Under which situation would you expect prejudice against minority members to be at its worst?

answer

When unemployment is high.

question

In a jigsaw classroom, students _____.

answer

Work together on projects on a race of people other than their own.

question

Jenna goes away to college and meets the man of her dreams in the dorm room right across the hall from her. Which factor explains Jenna's attraction to this man?

answer

Proximity.

question

In general, we like our friends and romantic partners to be _____.

answer

About the same level of attractiveness as we are.

question

Norms are _____.

answer

Expectations that guide the behavior of group members.

question

As the _____ of a group increases, so does _____ within the group.

answer

Cohesiveness; conformity.

question

Studies on the amount of conformity pressure created when a small group of people is doing the same thing show that conformity pressure is ____.

answer

Increased with each additional person, but only up to a point, then it levels off.

question

Zimbardo's prison study illustrates that ______.

answer

Playing a role can cause a person to lose sight of internal values.

question

Carlene dislikes working in groups because in her opinion, there is always going to be someone who is content to sit back and let others do the work. Specifically she dislikes _____.

answer

Social loafing.

question

If you were a participant in Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience, you would have _____.

answer

Played the role of a "teacher" and delivered electric shocks to a "learner"

question

The cognitive neoassociation theory of aggression proposes that guns _____.

answer

Can influence aggressive thoughts because of their association with fear and anger in our memories.

question

The concept of diffusion of responsibility predicts that _____.

answer

As the number of bystanders witnessing an emergency increases, the likelihood that any one of the bystanders will help the victim decreases.

question

Mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for people between _____ years of age.

answer

15 and 44.

question

Which criteria is most problematic for psychologists when distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior?

answer

Violation of social norms.

question

The fact that homosexuality was once on the American Psychiatric Association list of psychological disorders and now is not on the list specifically illustrates the variability of the ______ criterion for distinguishing between normal and abnormal behavior.

answer

Violation of social norms.

question

Based on the statistical frequency of mental illness, it is likely that _____ of all adults in the U.S. will suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder sometime in their life.

answer

More than half.

question

Dr. Skinner is a behavioral psychologist. How would she view an anxiety disorder?

answer

As a result of learning.

question

The DSM criteria require that symptoms _____.

answer

Interfere with an individual's functioning.

question

Lecretia has lately been experiencing distressing symptoms including elevated heart rate, muscle tension, a sense of dread, restlessness, and a desire to flee from certain situations. Her symptoms are most consistent with a(n) _____.

answer

Anxiety disorder.

question

Obsessions are _____, while compulsions are ______.

answer

Thoughts; behaviors.

Psychology 101. Final Exam: Neurotransmitter, IQ, Parkinson Disease – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards