Psychology 101 Chapters 1-2 TEST!
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Wilhem Wundt
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Germany established the first psychology research laboratory
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Edward Titchener
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Structuralism- involving introspection and studying basic components of conscious experiences. •focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes •measured reaction times
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William James
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started psychology at Harvard in 1870s -opposed Wundt and Titchener's approach -his ideas shaped school of functionalism - also influenced by Darwin to focus on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment
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Sigmund Freud
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Austrian physician that focused on illness -psychoanalytic theory of mental disorders -Psychology should focus on the Unconscious Mind
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•Psychoanalysis
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personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior - Founded by Sigmund Freud
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Behaviorism
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emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning - Pavlov, Watson and Skinner
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Humanistic
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emphasizes each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction - A. Maslow and C. Rogers
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Biological Perspective
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Study the physiological mechanisms in the brain and nervous system that organize and control behavior •Focus may be at various levels -individual neurons -areas of the brain -specific functions like eating, emotion, or learning •Interest in behavior distinguishes biological psychology from many other biological sciences
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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View of behavior based on experience treating patients
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Psychoanalytic approach (Sigmund Freud)
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both a method of treatment and a theory of the mind -behavior reflects combinations of conscious and unconscious influences -drives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior -early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations
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classical conditioning
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Learning by association: associating an reflex response with a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov
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Operant conditioning
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reinforcement or consequences are used to change, start or stop a behavior. B.F. Skinner
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Key Influences in the Development of Behaviorism
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) -Behaviorism grew out of his work with dogs associating a neutral stimulus with an automatic behavior
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John B. Watson
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psychologists should study overt behavior
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B. F. Skinner
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American psychologist at Harvard -studied learning and effect of reinforcement -behaviorism
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Humanistic Perspective
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Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers -behavior reflects innate 'actualization' -focus on conscious forces and self perception -more positive view of basic forces than Freud's
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Cognitive Perspective
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How is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior? •Influences include
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•Ethnocentrism
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the belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others, and the related tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures.
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Individualistic cultures—
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those that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group
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Collectivistic culture
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those that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual
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Evolutionary Perspective
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Influenced by Darwin and the emphasis on innate, adaptive behavior patterns
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•Scientific Method
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Formulate testable questions -Develop hypotheses •Design study to collect data -Experimental -Descriptive •Analyze data to arrive at conclusions -Use of statistical procedures -Use of meta-analysis •Report results -Publication -Replication
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Empirical evidence
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based upon objective observation, measurement, and/or experimentation
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•Hypothesis
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tentative statement about the relationship between variables
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•Variables
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factors that can vary in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified (independent versus dependent)
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Operational definition
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precise description of how the variables will be measured
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Descriptive
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Strategies for observing and describing behavior
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Experimental
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strategies for interferring cause and effect relationships among variables
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Population
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large (potentially infinite) group represented by the sample. Findings are generalized to this group.
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•Sample
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selected segment of the population
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Representative sample
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every member of larger group has equal change of being selected for the study sample
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Random selection
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every member of larger group has equal change of being selected for the study sample
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Correlational Study
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Collects a set of facts organized into two or more categories -measure parents' disciplinary style -measure children's behavior Correlation cannot prove causation
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Positive correlation—
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two variables vary systematically in the SAME direction
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Negative correlation
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two variables vary systematically in OPPOSITE directions •Experiments
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Independent Variable
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the controlled factor in an experiment (i.e. the one you manipulate)
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Dependent variable
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the measured facts
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Experimental vs. Control group
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experimental gets treatment -control does not
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•Random sample
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every member of the population being studied should have an equal chance of being selected for the study
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Random assignment
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every subject in the study should have an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group
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Placebo control group
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exposed to a fake IV (placebo), the effects of which are compared to group receiving the actual IV
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Double-blind study
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technique in which neither the experimenter nor participant is aware of the group to which participant is assigned
