question

Psychology

answer

The scientific study of mind and behavior.

question

Mind

answer

Refers to our private inner experience, the steam of consciousness that is made of perceptions, thoughts, memories and feelings.

question

Behavior

answer

Refers to the observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals.

question

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

answer

Allows scientists to "scan" a brain and see which parts are active when a person reads a word, sees a face, learns a new skill, or remembers a personal experience.

question

Form Follows Functions

answer

If we want to understand how something works, we need to know what it is worked for. Ex: Perception allows us to recognize our families. Language allows us to organize out thoughts and communicate to others . Memory allows us to avoid solving the same problem over and over again. Emotions allow us to react quickly to events. (Emotions function as signals that tell us when we are putting ourselves in harm's way)

question

Nativism

answer

The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn.

question

Philosophical Empiricism

answer

The philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience.

question

Phrenology

answer

A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain.

question

Dualism

answer

How mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior.

question

Tabula Rasa

answer

Blank state

question

Physiology

answer

The study of biological processes, especially in the human body.

question

Stimulus

answer

Sensory input from the environment.

question

Reaction Time

answer

The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus.

question

Consciousness

answer

A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.

question

Structuralism

answer

The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind.

question

Introsepection

answer

The subjective observation of one's own experience.

question

Functionalism

answer

The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment.

question

Natural Selection

answer

Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations.

question

Hysteria

answer

A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences.

question

Unconscious

answer

The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions.

question

Psychoanalytic Theory

answer

Sigmund Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.

question

Psychoanalysis

answer

A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing the unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders.

question

Humanistic Psychology

answer

An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings.

question

Behaviorism

answer

An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior.

question

Response

answer

An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus.

question

Reinforcement

answer

The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again.

question

Illusions

answer

Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality.

question

Gestalt Psychology

answer

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we can often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts. In other words, the mind imposes organization on what it perceives so people don't see what the experimenter actually shows them.

question

Cognitive Psychology

answer

The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory and reasoning.

question

Behavioral Neuroscience

answer

An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes.

question

Cognitive Neuroscience

answer

A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.

question

Evolutionary Psychology

answer

A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection.

question

Social Psychology

answer

The study of causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior.

question

Cultural Psychology

answer

The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members.

question

In the 1800's, French surgeon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between: a. animals and humans b. the mind and the brain c. brain size and mental ability d. skull indentations and psychological attributes

answer

b. the mind and the brain

question

What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Hermann von Helmholtz? a. reaction time b. childhood learning c. phrenology d. functions of specific brain areas

answer

a. reaction time

question

Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constitute the mind, an approach called: a. consciousness b. introspection c. structuralism d. objectivity

answer

c. structuralism

question

William James espoused ________, the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environments: a. empiricism b. nativism c. structuralism d. functionalism

answer

d. functionalism

question

To understand human behavior, French physician Jean-Martin Charcot studied people: a. who appeared to be completely healthy b. with psychological disorders b. with damage in particular ares of the brain d. who had suffered permanent loss of cognitive and motor function

answer

b. with psychological orders

question

Building on the work of Charcot, Sigmund Freud developed: a. psychoanalytic theory b. the theory of hysteria c. humanistic psychology d. physiological psychology

answer

a. psychoanalytic theory

question

The psychological theory that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is known as: a. structuralism b. psychoanalytic theory c. humanistic psychology d. functionalism

answer

c. humanistic psychology

question

Behaviorism involves the study of: a. observable actions and responses b. the potential for human growth c. unconscious influences and childhood experiences d. human behavior and memory

answer

a. observable actions and responses

question

The experiments of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on: a. perception an behavior b. stimulus and response c. reward and punishment d. conscious and unconscious behavior

answer

b. stimulus and response

question

Who developed the concept of reinforcement? a. B.F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. John Watson d. Margaret Floy Washburn

answer

a. B.F. Skinner

question

The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called: a. behavioral determinism b. Gestalt psychology c. social psychology d. cognitive psychology

answer

d. cognitive psychology

question

The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations helped the development of: a. evolutionary psychology b. cognitive psychology c. cultural psychology d. cognitive accounts of language formation

answer

b. cognitive psychology

question

Central to evolutionary psychology is the ______ function that minds and brains serve. a. emotional b. adaptive c. cultural d. physiological

answer

b. adaptive

question

Social psychology most differs from other psychological approaches in its emphasis on: a. human interaction b. behavioral processes c. the individual d. laboratory experimentation

answer

a. human interaction

question

Cultural psychology emphasizes that: a. all psychological processes are influenced to come extent by culture b. psychological processes are the same across all human beings, regardless of culture c. culture shapes some, but not all, psychological phenomena d. insights gained from studying individuals from one culture will only rarely generalize to individuals from other cultures, who have different social identities and rituals

answer

c. culture shapes some, but not all, psychological phenomena

question

The largest organization of psychologists in the United States are: a. American Psychological Society b. American Psychological Association c. Association for Psychological Science d. Psychonomic Society

answer

b. American Psychological Association

question

Mary Calkins a. studied with Wilhelm Wundt in the first psychology laboratory b. did research on the self-image of African American children c. was present at the first meeting of the APA d. became the first women president of the APA

answer

d. became the first women president of the APA

question

Kenneth Clark a. did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools b. was one of the founders of the APA c. was a student of William James d. did research that focused on the education of African American youth

answer

a. did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools

question

In 1890, William James authored the book _____, which is still considered a classic psychology text. a. The Principles of Psychology b. The Life Cycle Completed c. About Behaviorism d. Civilization and its Discontent

answer

a. The Principles of Psychology

question

For something to be considered behavior, it has to be: a. any of those things b. done by a nonhuman animal c. done by a human d. observable

answer

a. any of those things

question

Which of the following is NOT done by the mind? a. eating b. dreaming c. thinking d. remembering

answer

a. eating

question

Aristotle argued that a child's mind is: a. nonexistent b. nativistic c. a phrenological slate d. a tabula rasa

answer

d. a tabula rasa

question

Franz Gall believed that the bumps and indentations on the skull are indicative of the shape of the brain. Gall called this theory: a. phrenology b. functionalism c. structuralism d. philosophical empiricism

answer

a. phrenology

question

_______ was one of the first attempts to link physiological traits to behavioral traits. a. psychoanalysis b. dualism c. phrenology d. physiology

answer

c. phrenology

question

Dr. Speck is interested in understanding the normal operations of the mind. A patient with dissociative identity disorder is referred to his clinic. Would this patient provide insight into the normal function of the mind? a. No, because the patients with dissociative identity disorder do not have brain damage b. No, because the patient is not healthy and does not have normal mental processes and so there is no way to identify the normal functions in the mind c. Yes, because only cases of dissociative identity disorder are informative. d. Yes, because studying the mental disruptions associated with the disorder reveal important differences between these processes and those of a normal state

answer

d. Yes, because studying the mental disruptions associated with the disorder reveal important differences between these processes and those of a normal state

question

The _____ influences people's thoughts, feelings, and actions without them being aware of it. a. conscious b. unconscious c. hysterical d. heart

answer

b. unconscious

question

What distinguishes the humanistic psychology movement from the psychoanalytic theory? a. Humanism focuses on possibilities and reaching one's full potential, while psychoanalysis addressed one's limitations and problems. b. Humanistic therapists are on equal ground with their clients, whereas a psychoanalyst has a more powerful role in therapy than the patient. c. Humanistic psychologists do not see people as confined by their past. d. All answers here are correct.

answer

d. All answers here are correct.

question

The stimulus-response method of behaviorism demonstrated the important influence of _____ on human and animal behavior. a. nature b. genetics c. the environment d. the unconscious

answer

c. the environment

question

The idea that all knowledge is attained through experience was referred to as _____ by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. philosophical empiricism d. foundationalism

answer

c. philosophical empiricism

question

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus? a. a stop sign b. a car horn c. a dog d. a memory

answer

d. a memory

question

Mary was afflicted by a brief spell in which she was unaware who she was. Freud would have believed that she was suffering from: a. schizophrenia. b. depression. c. hysteria. d. anxiety.

answer

c. hysteria

question

Lauren believes that all people have free will and can reach their full potential. Lauren's beliefs are most closely aligned with which psychological theory? a. humanistic psychology b. evolutionary psychology c. psychoanalytic psychology d. Gestalt psychology

answer

a. humanistic psychology

question

Tobias is a therapist who tells his clients that all of their behaviors are a product of their environment and that they don't have free will. His views are in opposition to which psychological theory? a. behavioral psychology b. evolutionary psychology c. humanistic psychology d. Gestalt psychology

answer

c. humanistic psychology

question

_____ stresses the importance of studying observable behaviors and ignores the mental processes involved in different tasks. a. Behaviorism b. Natural selection c. Humanism d. Cognitive psychology

answer

a. behaviorism

question

Psychology through the early 20th century focused on _____ information until the development of behaviorism, which shifted its focus to _____ information. a. subjective; objective b. subjective; internal c. objective; external d. objective; subjective

answer

a. subjective; objective

question

B. F. Skinner's ideas were controversial because of Skinner's denial of: a. free will. b. responses. c. conditioning. d. learning.

answer

a. free will

question

Skinner's inability to counter Chomsky's ideas on _____ helped to bring cognitive psychology to the forefront. a. Pavlov b. thinking c. perception d. language

answer

d. language

question

Jon is a psychologist interested in figuring out where in the brain learning takes place. He is investigating this by observing animals while recording brain responses. Jon would probably describe himself as a: a. cognitive neuroscientist. b. behavioral neuroscientist. c. behavioral pharmacologist. d. behavior analyst.

answer

b. behavioral neuroscientist

question

According to the _____ approach, the human brain is more like a computer specialized to do a few tasks very well and less like an all-purpose computer that can learn to do anything. a. cognitive neuroscience b. evolutionary psychology c. cognitive psychology d. behavioral neuroscience

answer

b. evolutionary psychology

question

Social psychology examines issues such as conformity, racism, and stereotyping by: a. focusing on the physical environment in which we grew up. b. accounting for our cultural background and personal beliefs. c. localizing regions of the brain responsible for these issues. d. considering the effects of other people on our cognitive processes.

answer

d. considering the effects of other people on our cognitive processes.

question

Although cognitive processes depend on the brain, humans (and their behaviors) are also a product of the environment around them. How does cultural psychology include this aspect? a. It examines how behavior is influenced by the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs shared by a group. b. It takes into account the ethnicity of each person in a psychology experiment. c. It explains behavior as a unique action for a specific group of people with no accounting made for universal behaviors. d. It examines how behavior is influenced by the presence or absence of other people.

answer

a. It examines how behavior is influenced by the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs shared by a group.

question

Psychological states and experiences that occur most commonly across the world are usually _____ based, whereas those that are the least universal are rooted in _____. a. culturally; biology b. socially; culture c. biologically; culture d. socially; evolution

answer

c. biologically; culture

question

A _____ treats individuals with psychological problems and is allowed to prescribe medications. a. psychiatrist b. psychologist c. clinical psychologist d. cognitive neuroscientist

answer

a. psychiatrist

question

The American Psychological Association was formed: a. in 1892 on the campus of Clark University. b. in 1939 at the beginning of World War II. c. at the turn of the century in 1900. d. in 1855 in conjunction with Howard University's psychology club.

answer

a. in 1892 on the campus of Clark University.

question

What early philosopher believed that the mind is a blank slate before environmental experiences write their story?

answer

John Locke

question

Dualism is the belief that

answer

The mind and body are two separate entities.

question

Which pioneer demonstrated through research that our mental processes could be studied with the same scientific methods used in other areas of science?

answer

Hermann von Helmholtz

question

Which view of psychology emphasized the study of mental processes alone?

answer

Structuralism

question

Which psychologist helped bring together the views of psychology as a science of behavior and a science of mental processes?

answer

B. F. Skinner

question

Which process allows us to recognize our families, recognize predators, and successfully avoid traffic?

answer

Perception

question

Your friend Tony tells you that the only way you can know something is through experience. Tony is probably a

answer

Philosophical empiricist.

question

Wilhelm Wundt's brand of psychology focused on the study of _____ , while John Watson's brand of psychology focused on the study of _____

answer

Consciousness; behavior

question

According to Pavlov, a _____ is an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus.

answer

Response

question

Psychologists and _____ often exchange ideas to further the field of cultural psychology.

answer

Anthropologists

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true about B. F. Skinner? a. he developed a specialized chamber in which rats could press levers to earn food. b. he taught "Little Albert" to fear rats. c. he denied the existence of free will. d. he developed the principle of reinforcement.

answer

b. he taught "Little Albert" to fear rats.

question

What three developments led psychologists away from behaviorism? a. interest in mental events, the brain, and evolution b. interest in the brain, introspection, and evolution c. interest in mental events, the brain, and stimulus-response d. interest in the brain, mental events, and philosophical empiricism

answer

a. interest in mental events, the brain, and evolution

question

Why was the advent of the computer so important for the development of cognitive psychology? a. psychologists could now use the computer to analyze large amounts of data. b. computers provided a model for studying the mind scientifically. c. computer technology allowed psychologists to develop useful tools and software programs to run complex experiments that were not previously possible without computers. d. the computer supported the behaviorists' claim of a "black box," where information goes in and a specific behavior is output with no need to study mental events.

answer

b. computers provided a model for studying the mind scientifically.

question

The field of _____ links cognitive processes and brain activity. a. cognitive psychology b. behavior analysis c. cognitive neuroscience d. behavioral neuroscience

answer

c. cognitive neuroscience

question

Historical events such as the rise of Nazism, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology? a. behaviorism b. cultural psychology c. social psychology d. evolutionary psychology

answer

c. social psychology

question

"Depression is expressed differently across cultures; this is an important factor to consider during diagnosis and treatment." Which school of thought would most likely agree with this statement? a. relativism b. functionalism c. socialism d. absolutism

answer

a. relativism

question

The American Psychological Society was formed because the membership of the American Psychological Association: a. was becoming too research-orientated. b. was dominated by white males. c. required new members to have a medical degree. d was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.

answer

d. was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.

question

William James's functional approach to psychology was influenced by Darwin's theory of: a. structuralism. b. phrenology. c. natural selection. d. philosophical empiricism.

answer

c. natural selection.

question

The purpose of Freud's psychoanalytic approach to therapy is to: a. identify unconscious thoughts and bring them into awareness. b. help patients repress their unconscious thoughts, fears and anxieties. c. identify mental processes from recording observable behaviors. d. talk about sex.

answer

a. identify unconscious thoughts and bring them into awareness.

question

Most people who call themselves psychologists are in this subfield of psychology: a. clinical psychology. b. counseling psychology. c. industrial-organizational psychology. d. school psychology.

answer

a. clinical psychology.

question

The first member of a minority group to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was: a. William James. b. Wilhelm Wundt. c. Mary Clark. d. Kenneth Clark.

answer

d. Kenneth Clark.

question

Our definition of psychology has two components. Psychology is the scientific study of: a. mind and behavior. b. body and mind. c. soul and logic. d. behavioral disorders.

answer

a. mind and behavior.

question

To be a counseling psychologist, you need which type of degree?

answer

Master's degree (MA) in counseling psychology Master's degree in social work (MSW) Doctorate in counseling psychology (PhD)

Psychology 101 Chapter 1 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards