Psychology 101 – Flashcards
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Emotion
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An immediate, specific negative or positive reponse to enviromental events or internal thoughts
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Moods
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Diffuse, long-lasting emotional states. Rather than interupting what is happening, they influence thought and behavior
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Emotion has how many components?
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Three
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What are emotions three components?
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Physiological Behavioral Feeling
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Primary emotions
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Emotions that are innate, evolutionary adaptive, and universal
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What are the primary emotions?
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Anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, and possibly suprise and contempt
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What are the secondary emotions?
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Remourse, guilt, submission, and anticipation
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Valence
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How negative or postive emotions are
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Activation
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How arousing emotions are
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Arousal
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Physiological activation (increased brain activity) or increased autonomic responses(increased heart rate, sweating, or muscle tension)
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What does the insula do?
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Revieves amd integrates somatosensory signals from the entire body
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What does the amygdala do?
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Processes the emotional significance of stimuli, and it generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions
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Three Major Theories of Emotion
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James- Lange Theory The Cannon- Bard Theory The Schachter- Singer two-factor theory
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James- Lange Theory of Emotion
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People perceive specific patterns of bodily responses, and as a result of that perception they feel emotion
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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Information about emotional stimuli is sent simultaneously to the cortex and the body and results in emotional experience and bodily reactions, respectively
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Two-factor Theory of Emotion
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A label applied to psychological arousal results in the experience of an emotion
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Decision- Making
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In the face of complex, multifaceted situations, emotions serve as heuristic guides: they provide feedback for making quick decisions
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Affect-as-information theory
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we use our current moods to make judgments and appraisals, even if we do not know the sources of our moods
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Display rules
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rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations
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Guilt
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a negative emotional state associated with anxiety, tension, and agitation
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Motivation
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a process that energizes, guides, and maintains behavior toward a goal
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What are the four essential qualities of motivational states?
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Energizing/stimulating Directive Persist Strength
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Energizing/ Stimulating
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cause you to do something
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Directive
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guide behaviors to meet specific goals or needs
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Persist
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continue until need/ goal is met
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Strength
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differ in strength depending internal/external forces
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Need
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a state of biological or social deficiency
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Need hierarchy
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Marlow's arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs
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Drive
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a psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need
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Homeostasis
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the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium
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Reinforcement
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any behavior that satisfies a need is reinforced and therefore is more likely to recur
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Habits
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if a behavior consistently reduces a drive, it becomes a habit
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Incentives
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external objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors
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Extrinsic motivation
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directed toward an external goal typically a reward
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Intrinsic motivation
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value or pleasure associated with an activity, with no external goal
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Delayed gratification
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postponing immediate gratification in pursuit of long-term goals
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Ventromedial/ middle region (VMH)
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eat far more than normal
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Lateral/ outer region (LH)
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eat far less than normal
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Leptin
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released from fat cells as more fat is stored and travels to the hypothalamus, where it acts to inhibit eating
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Ghrelin
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originates in stomach; surges before meals, then decreases after people eat- triggers eating
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Cuisine
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local norms for what to eat and how to prepare it
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Hormones
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involved in producing and terminating sexual behaviors
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When is Oxytocin released?
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during sexual arousal and orgasm
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Sex hormones
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Released from the gonads Males and females have the same amounts of all sex hormones
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Male Sex Hormones
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Males have a greater quantity of androgens than females,
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Female Sex Hormones
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Females have a greater quantity of estrogens and progesterone
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What does the Hypothalamus have to do with sexual behavior?
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It controls the release of hormones into the bloodstream and stimulates sexual behavior
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Neurotransmitters
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affect many aspects of sexual response and influences sexual functioning
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Dopamine receptors
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involved in the physical experience of pleasure
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Nt Mimicry
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a chemical messenger that acts as a NT, sexual stimulation leads to production of nitric oxide
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Sexual Response Cycle
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Predictable pattern of physical and psychological reponses
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4 stages of the sexual response cycle
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Excitement phase Plateau Phase Orgasm Phase Resolution Phase
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Excitement Phase
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Occurs when people contemplate sexual activity, blood flow goes to the genitals starting feelings of arousal, penis erect in men, nipples enlarge clitoris swells and fluid secretion occurs in women
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Plateau Phase
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Pulse rate, breathing and blood pressure increase, inhibitions are lifted, and passion takes over
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Orgasm Phase
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Involuntary muscle contractions throughout the body, dramatic increases in breathing and HR, rhythmic contractions of vagina in W, ejaculations and semen for M, Orgasms usually occurs for M, more variable for W
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Resolution Phase
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begin to return to a normal state of arousal, M enter refractory period, W do not have a refractory period and can usually experience multiple orgasms in a short amount of time
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Sexual Scripts
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cognitive beliefs about how a sexual episode should be enacted, differ by culture
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Double Standard
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unwritten law that relates to patterns of regulating sexual behavior
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Erotic Plasticity
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the extent that sex drive can be shaped by social, cultural, and situational factors
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Sexual strategies theory
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women are more likely to be more cautious about having sex because having offspring is a much more intensive commitment for them than it is for men
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Sexual Orinetation
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very individualized, has different meanings for different people, and can change over time in some people
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Personality
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A persons characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors
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Personality trait
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A pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that is relatively consistent over time and across situations
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What plays a role in personality?
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Genes, brain structure, ; neurochemistry
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Temperaments
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General tendencies to feel or act in certain ways
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What are the three personality characteristics considered as temperaments?
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Activity level Emotionality Sociability
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What are the levels of awareness?
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Conscious Preconscious Unconscious
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Conscious
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thoughts that we are aware of
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Preconscious
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contains information that is just below the surface of awareness. It can be retrieved with relative ease and usually can be thought of as memory or recollection.
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Unconscious
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contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are buried deep in ourselves, well below our conscious awareness. Even though we are not aware of their existence, they exert great influence on our behavior.
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Id
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personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs and desires.
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Superego
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ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates.criticisms, prohibitions, and inhibitions form a person's conscience, and its positive aspirations and ideals represent one's idealized self-image
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Ego
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An individual interacts with the external world as well as responds to internal forces
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Defense Mechanisms
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unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety
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Psychosexual stages
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developmental stages that correspond to distinct libidinal urges; preogression through these stages profoundly affects personality
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Internal locus of control
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bring about your own rewards
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External locus of control
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rewards and personal fate beyond your control
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Humanistic appraoches
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approaches to studying personality that emphasize how people seek to fulfill their potential through greater self-understanding
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trait approach
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an approach to studying personality that focuses on how individuals differ in personality dispositions
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Five-factor theory
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the idea that personality can be described using five factors
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Five Factors
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Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
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Behavioral approach system (BAS)
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The brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards
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Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
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the brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might led to punishment or rejections
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Extraversion
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(BAS) more influenced by rewards than by punishments and tend to act impulsively in the face of strong rewards, even following punishment
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Neuroticism
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(BIS) people become anxious in social situations in which they anticipate possible negative outcomes
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Psychopathology
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sickness or disorder of the mind
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Etiology
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factors that contribute to the development of a disorder
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What do psychological disorders account for?
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the greatest proportion of disability above both cancer and heart disease
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Assessment
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examining a person's mental functions and psychological condition to diagnose a psychological disorder
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How does an Assessment work?
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Self-reports, interviews, psychological testing, and observations
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Biological Factors
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genes, neurotransmitters, nutrition, exposure to toxins in/outside the womb
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Environmental factors
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family structure/dynamics, socioeconomic status, living environment/ culture
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Cognitive-behavioral factors
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thoughts and beliefs learned; behaviors learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement/ punishment
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What are anxiety disorders characterized by?
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excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger
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Biased Thinking
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when presented with ambiguous or neutral situations, anxious individuals tend to perceive them as threatening whereas non-anxious individuals have the opposite response
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Learning
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observing other people acting fearful/anxious
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Biological
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inhibited tempermental style
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Specific Phobia
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a phobia is the fear of a specific object or situation
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Social Anxiety Disorder
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fear of being negatively evaluated by others
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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often does not have a particular focus, constant anxiety and worry
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Panic Disorder
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sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror and worry about having additional panic attacks
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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frequent intrusive thoughts and compilsive actions
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Obsessions
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recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts or ideas or mental images
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Compulsions
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particular acts that a person with OCD feels driven to perform over and over
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Post traumatic Stress Disorder
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Frequent and recurring unwanted thoughts relates to the trauma, including nightmares, intrusive thoughts, hyper vigilance and flashbacks
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Depressive Disorders
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presence of sad, empty, irritable mood along with bodily symptoms and cognitive problems that interfere with daily life
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasurable activities every day for at least two weeks
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Persistent Depressive Disorder
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mild to moderate severity, similar symptoms as those with major depressive disorder, but less intense, at least two years
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Biological
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twin studies; low levels of serotonin; damage to left prefrontal cortex
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Situational
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life stressors; interpersonal loss; limited social support/ network
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Cognitive
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negative thoughts about oneself, ones situation and ones future
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Bipolar 1 Disorder
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a disorder characterized by extremely elevated moods during manic episodes and depressive episodes
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Bipolar 2 Disorder
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a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extreme depression and mildly elevated moods
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Situationism
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theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits
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Basic Tendencies
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dispositional traits determined largely by biological processes; they are very stable
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Characteristic adaptations
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adjustments to situational demands; they tend to be somewhat consistent because they are based on skills, habits and roles
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Age Related Change
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With age: less neurotic, less extraverted, and less open to new experiences; also tend to become more agreeable and more conscientious
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Idiographic appraoches
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person-centered approaches to studying personality; focus is on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons
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Nomothetic approaches
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study of personality that focuses on how common characteristics vary from person to person
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Projective measures
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personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli
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Self-Concept
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everything you know and believe about yourself
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Self-Schema
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each person processes information about himself or herself deeply,throughly and automatically
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Self-esteem
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the evaluative aspect of the self-concept in which people feel worthy or unworthy
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Sociometer
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an internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection
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Self-serving bias
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the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
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Psychosis
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a break from reality in which people have difficulty distinguishing what thoughts or perceptions are real and what are imagined
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Dissociative Disorders
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disorders that involve disruptions in memory, identity, or conscious awareness
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DID
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consists of the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual, along with memory gaps in which the person does not recall every day events
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Schizophrenia
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a psychological disorder characterized by a split between thought and emotion; it involves alterations in thoughts, in perceptions or in consciousness
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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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excesses in functioning, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech or behavior
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Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
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deficits of functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement
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Delusions
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false beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality
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Hallicinations
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false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source
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Disorganized Speech
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speaking in an incoherent fashion that involves frequently changing topics and saying strange or inappropriate things
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Disorganized Behavior
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acting in strange or unusual ways, including strange movement of limbs, bizarre speech, and inappropriate self-care, such as failing to dress properly or bathe
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Personality Disorder
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when a style of interaction is long-lasting and causes problems in work and in social situations
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Borderline personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by disturbances in identity, affect, and impulse control
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Antisocial personality disorder (APD)
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a personality disorder in which people engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic and impulsive, and lack empathy
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Which of the below is released during breastfeeding to increase feelings of maternity. a. acetylecholine b.oxytocin c. dopamine d.estrogen
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b.oxytocin
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Schizophrenia is a disorder in which a person has two or more identities. True or False
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False
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People with damage to their amygdala a. are always happy b.have a hard time recognizing fear c. cannot function on a daily basis d. none of these
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B. Have a hard time recognizing fear
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Disney Pixar's new movie "Inside Out," depicts human's primary emotions, which include: a. anger,fear,guilt,happiness,sadness b.anger,submission,guilt,remorse,love c.sadness,fear,hapiness,disgust,anger d.sadness,happiness,love,joy,hate
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c.sadness, fear, happiness, disgust, anger
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Females have a greater amount of what hormone? a.dopamine b.serotonin c.estrogens d.androgens
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c.estrogens
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Which is NOT a positive symptom of schizophrenia? a.hallucinations b.delusions c.lack of emotions d.disorganized speech
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c.lack of emotion
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Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. strong situations mask personality b. Weak situations tend to reveal differences in personality c.personality is the same in strong and weak situations d.personality is presented differently in strong and weak situations
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c. personality is the same in strong and weak situations
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A sickness or disorder of the mind is known as a. psychopathology b.etiology c.situationalism d.depression
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a. psychopathology
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What is known as the "cuddle hormone," released during sexual arousal and orgasm? a.oxytocin b.estrogen c.testosterone d.pitocin
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a.oxytocin
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Who created the psychosexual development stages? a.Schmitt b. BF Skinner c. Freud d. Buss
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c. Freud
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A component of social anxiety disorder is the fear of being negatively evaluated by others. True or False?
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True
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Which of the following is false? a. a phobia is more specific than general anxiety b. DID involves two or more separate identities within the same person c.Disorders aren't dimensional; rather, they are absolute states d. All are true
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C. disorders aren't dimensional; rather, they are absolute states
