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Define Psychotherapy

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Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

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Define Biomedical therapy

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Physiological interventions that focus on the reduction of symptoms associated with psychological disorders. Three procedures used are drug therapies, electroconvulsive (shock) treatment, and psychosurgery. Drug therapies.

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What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapies?

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The goals are to get to know one's self much better. The techniques are historical reconstruction, in which the patient speaks about an event. When speaking resistance and interpretation can be used to dig out the truth behind why someone is feeling the way they are feeling.

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Define Resistance

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The blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

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Define Interpretation

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In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

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How is psychodynamic therapy different from psychoanalytic therapy?

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The difference is that instead of focusing on the id, ego and superego, they focus more on the actual relationships themselves.

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Define Psychodynamic therapy

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Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to (unconscious) forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.

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What is interpersonal psychotherapy?

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It is a 12- 16 session therapy focused on relief of symptoms of the here and now, such as responses from childhood abuse.

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What is humanistic therapy and what are its core practices?

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Humanistic therapy is aimed at boosting one's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. Promoting this growth, not curing illness, is the therapy focus. Using active listening.

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Define Active listening:

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Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of rogers' client-centered therapy.

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How is humanistic therapy related to a "client-centered" approach?

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It is related to it because it is what Humanistic therapy is based off of.

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Define Client Centered therapy

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A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, and empathic environment to facilitate clients growth.

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What is unconditional positive regard and why is it important?

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A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which carl rogers believed would help clients develop self- awareness and self-acceptance. It is important because it allows clients to feel more comfortable and important sharing with you about their past and how they feel.

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What are practices involved in "active listening?"

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Paraphrasing, Inviting clarification and reflecting feelings.

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Define Behavior therapy:

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Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

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What are classical conditioning techniques and how do they work? (E.g., counter-conditioning, exposure therapy, etc.)

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Classical conditioning techniques are techniques that retrain our behaviors. They work by retraining us. Otherwise known as counterconditioning.

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Define Counterconditioning

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Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

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How might virtual reality be employed to help with exposure therapy?

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It can provide relief to those who suffer from anxiety prone situations, such as heights, airplanes, ect.

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What are problems with using aversive conditioning?

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The issues is that it only works in the short run. Also, because some responses are only possible in controlled environments (such as poisoned alcohol to make you sick) those getting treated can go about the "unwanted behavior" without fear of a harsh response outside of treatment.

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Define aversive conditioning:

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A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state( such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior( such as drinking alcohol)

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How can operant conditioning be employed to help those with mental illness or other mental disabilities?

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By using behavior modification, operant condition can be employed to help those with mental illness by using positively reinforcing desired behaviors. By doing this and ignoring punishing and aggressive (self-abusive behaviors) worked wonders for some.

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Define Token economy

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An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange their tokens for various privileges or treats.

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What are criticisms to using operant conditioning for therapeutic purposes?

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Criticisms include the use of "Tokens" since in a sense they control a person's behavior through rewards. Some argue this is unethical.

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Define Cognitive therapy

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Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

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How has cognitive therapy been used to treat people with depression?

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By changing the way patients with depression think, it can led to a more fulfilling and happy life.

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What are the steps of cognitive therapy? (see Table 54.1)

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Reveal beliefs, Test beliefs, Change beliefs.

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What is cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT)?

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A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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Why is it beneficial to concentrate on changing cognitions and behavior simultaneously?

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Because it reinforces better behavior and more positive thinking.

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What are the advantages to group therapy, family therapy, and self-help groups?

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It saves clients time and money, it enables people to see that others share the same problems, it provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behavior

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Define Group Therapy

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Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

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Define Family therapy

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Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at other family members.

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How can we judge whether or not psychotherapy is effective

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Outcome research?

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What has been shown from the client and clinician's perspective?

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Clients often start therapy when they are unhappy and leave when they are happier, thus issuing a "successful treatment". Clinicians state that when clients leave in a better and more happier place, they too feel that it has been a successful treatment.

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What can we learn from outcome research?

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That 80% of people who go untreated for something have poorer outcomes than those who receive therapy. When people seek out therapy, their search for other medical treatment drops.

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Define Meta-analyses:

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A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

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Is psychotherapy cost effective?

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Yes, When people seek out therapy, their search for other medical treatment drops by 16% saving money. Considering the cost of substance abuse, crime and psychological disorders, therapy is a good investment.

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What is the relative effectiveness of different types of psychotherapies in the treatment of general mental illness, as well as specific types of mental illness (i.e., anxiety disorders, depression, etc.)?

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Behavioral conditioning works best to change unwanted behaviors. Psychodynamic therapy works best to treat depression and anxiety. Cognitive and cognitive-behavior treatment is best from coping with anxiety, PTSD, and depression. Over all, therapy is most effective when the problem is clear-cut.

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How might some psychotherapeutic techniques be harmful?

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When not being an "evidence-based practice" they can harm people.

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What is evidence-based practice and why should it be encouraged among therapists?

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It is encouraged among therapists because if not used it can harm patients seeking treatment making their symptoms and issues worse.

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Define Evidence-based practice

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Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

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What has been shown about alternative therapies? (I.e., EMDR, light exposure therapy)

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They work and also dont work. Some do but could be because of the placebo effect.

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What are commonalities among good therapists?

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Giving hope for demoralized people, A new perspective leading to new behaviors, and An empathic, trusting, caring relationship.

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What is the "therapeutic alliance" and why is it important in the treatment of those with mental illness?

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It is important because it allows the client to feel safe with the therapist, thus allowing for a more flowing relationship to take place.

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Define Therapeutic alliance

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A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.

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How might culture, gender, and personal values affect therapeutic outcomes and what types of therapies work best?

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Having a therapist who understands your culture, is the same gender, and can relate to or has the same personal values can allow for a better Therapeutic alliance. When any of these are not similar, it becomes difficult to create an alliance.

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What are signs that someone should seek a therapist and what should a person do to select a therapist that's right for them?

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Feelings of hopelessness, Deep and lasting depression, Disruptive fears, sudden mood shifts, thoughts of suicide, ect.

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Define Antipsychotic drugs

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Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. ( Decreases dopamine levels by blocking receptor sites.)

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Define antianxiety drugs

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Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. (Depresses central nervous system activity)

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Define Antidepressant drugs

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Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are serotonin reuptake inhibitors-SSRIs)

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Define Mood stabilizing drugs

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Drugs used to treat rapid changes in mood(such as bipolar disorder). Lithium salt is used as treatment.

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How do electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and alternative neurostimulation therapies (magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation) help treat mental illness?

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ECT is effective for those who are "Treatment-resistant" and showed marked high results. No one knows why though, even though it affects little memory from around the time of treatment, no brain damage occurs.

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Define Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

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What has replaced Lobotomies?

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Lobotomies no longer happen, but precise and MRI-guided produces still take place for extremely severe patients. Now that medication is available, surveys are rare.

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What is a lobotomy and how did it used to be employed to treat mental illness?

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Basically, you slam two ice pick like rods through the eyes and destroy the contention to the frontal lobes and the emotion-controlling centers of the inter bran.

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What are lifestyle changes one can take to biologically treat mental illness? Why are they effective?

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Getting more sleep, and exercising. Effective because Humans were never designed to be isloaded, sleep deprived, and stationary. Working out releases endorphins, sleeping increases energy and alertness.

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How can someone work to prevent mental health issues in the future (i.e., build resilience)?

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By making sense of traumatic events, and working with others, and making life more meaningful to you, you can build resilience, and strengthen your ability to work through life's issue unharmed.

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Define Posttraumatic Growth

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Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crisis.

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