question

During an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

answer

sodium enters the cell

question

During an IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

answer

potassium leaves the cell

question

What ion plays the most essential role in releasing a transmitter into the synapse?

answer

calcium

question

Stimulating a receptor in the membrane that opens potassium channels

answer

causes hyperpolarization

question

Large synaptic vesicles are produced in the ___ and are transported to the ___

answer

soma; terminal buttons

question

The first demonstration of neurotransmitter

answer

was shown by Otto Loewi using frog hearts

question

The contents of a synaptic vesicle include

answer

neurotransmitters

question

How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?

answer

A and B (diffusion and enzymatic degradation)

question

The catecholamines (NE, DA, and E) are synthesized from which amino acid?

answer

Tyrosine

question

The cell bodies of neurons that release serotonin are located in the

answer

Raphe

question

Drugs of reward generally act to release ___ in the ___

answer

dopamine; nucleus accumbens

question

Cell bodies of neurons that release acetylcholine in the cortex are located in the

answer

Nucleus Basalis

question

A neuron's own transmitters, detected by its presynaptic autoreceptors

answer

inhibits the release or synthesis of that transmitter

question

Serotonin has been related to

answer

depression

question

A second messenger system can

answer

Only A and C (alter ion flow through the membrane channels and initiate the production of new proteins)

question

What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

answer

glycine

question

Repeated stimulation of neuron may cause

answer

sensitization

question

The first demonstration that neurons communicated via chemical means was by

answer

Otto Loewi

question

Morphine inhibits pain awareness by

answer

blocking MAO actions

question

Nitric oxide is involved in which drug action

answer

Viagra

question

Which of the following neurotransmitters are synthesized from the amino acid, tyrosine?

answer

All of the above (norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine)

question

___ is the transmitter that slows heart rate and activates skeletal muscles.

answer

Acetylcholine

question

___ is a neurotransmitter involved in memory

answer

Acetylcholine, PTT

question

Opioid peptides include which of the following

answer

Enkephalins

question

Which mechanism related to the stimulation of an action potential doesn't belong?

answer

Chloride channels open

question

Which of the following drugs would likely cause the most damage with chronic, high use over many years?

answer

Alcohol

question

Cholinergic refers to which transmitter?

answer

Acetylcholine

question

___ refers tot he reduced behavioral effect of a drug with repeated administration.

answer

Tolerance

question

Which of the following is true of drug sensitization

answer

C and D are correct (drug sensitization is less common than is drug tolerance, repeated drug administration may produce tolerance in one system and sensitization in another system)

question

Serotonin is synthesized from ___ which is derived from ___.

answer

tryptophan; ingested nutrients

question

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced from

answer

glutamic acid

question

Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to

answer

increase the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter

question

Which of the following is true of opioid neurons?

answer

All of the above are correct (Naloxone is an example of an opioid receptor antagonist, heroin is an example of an opioid receptor agonist, opioids act to reduce pain, opioids can induce euphoria and reward)

question

Nitric oxide

answer

All of the above are correct (is produced from the amino acid arginine, dilates blood vessels in metabolically active brain regions, acts as a messenger between neurons, stimulates changes in blood vessels that produce penile erections)

question

Anandamide is

answer

All of the above (is a transmitter produced in the brain, is the ligand for CB1 receptors, was discovered in the early 1990s)

question

Which of the following would be expected of CB1 receptors?

answer

Memory impairments results from the effects of THC on hippocampal CB1 receptors

question

Activation of cannabinoid receptors

answer

All of the above are correct (by THC reduces nausea and vomiting, results in analgesia, can be induced by ingestion of THC, stimulates appetite)

question

Drugs that block the re-uptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat

answer

All of the above (anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, obesity)

question

Which of the following is true of GABA in the brain?

answer

the inhibitory effects of GABA act to stabilize the brain

question

Dopamine release in the ___ occurs when a stimulus is rewarding.

answer

nucleus accumbens

question

Cell bodies that synthesize serotonin are located in the ___, whereas those that synthesize norepinephrine are located in the ___.

answer

raphe, locus coeruleus

question

Morphine actions at the opioid receptor cause which of the following

answer

inhibition of calcium influx

question

Match: alcohol

answer

disrupts the organization of the cell membrane

question

Match: amphetamine

answer

releases D A into the synapse

question

Match: LSD

answer

a serotonin agonist

question

Match: valium

answer

increases influx of chloride

question

Match: ritalin

answer

inhibits D A re-uptake (dopamine)

question

Based on the discussions in class, which of the following drugs poses the larges health threat following chronic use for many years

answer

alcohol

question

Peak blood levels of cocaine were found to 100 nanograms/milliliter (ng/ml). Thirty minutes later, they were 75 ng/ml, 60 minutes later they were 62.5 ng/ml. and 120 minutes later they were 50 ng/ml. The half-life ___

answer

is 120 minutes

question

The GABA-A receptor has separate and distinct sites on the receptor molecule that can bind which of the following

answer

valium and alcohol

question

Excitotoxicity is mediated by overstimulation exerted by which neurotransmitter

answer

glutamate

question

Chronic marijuana use in adolescents

answer

can cause long-term deficits with attention and memory after drug use stops

question

Which of the following is/are monoamines?

answer

All of the above (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine)

question

Which of the following never changes with regard to an action potential?

answer

threshold

question

___ refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior

answer

Psychopharmacology

question

A key characteristic of a drug is defined in the text, is that it

answer

is an exogenous chemical

question

___ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and the excreted from the body

answer

pharmocokinetics

question

The ___ route is the fastest way for a drug to reach the brain

answer

intravenous

question

The ___ route of drug administration is commonly used for small laboratory animals such as the rat.

answer

intraperitoneal

question

The ___ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier.

answer

intracerebroventricular (ICV)

question

An altercation of the physical properties of a drug that ___ would be expected to slow the onset of action of that drug.

answer

All of the above are correct (increased lipid solubility, decreased water solubility, decreased metabolism of the drug via the liver, increased depot binding the drug in blood, bone and fat)

question

The ___ is a measure of the safety of a drug.

answer

therapeutic index

question

___ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action

answer

affinity

question

Which of the following is true of the therapeutic index?

answer

more caution is required for a drug with a low therapeutic index

question

One mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is

answer

a reduced number of receptors for the drug

question

An ___ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects

answer

antagonist

question

Activation of a presynaptic autoreceptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that

answer

releases more transmitter

question

A drug that blocks presynaptic autoreceptor will most likely

answer

increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal

question

the two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are

answer

glutamate; GABA

question

Which of the following is true of acetylcholine (ACh)?

answer

All of the above are correct (ACh was the first transmitter to be identified within the body, ACh controls muscle movements, ACh is released at the neuromuscular junction, ACh is involved in the autonomic nervous system)

question

a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase in the brain would be expected to

answer

increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine

question

an ionotropic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is

answer

rapid and short in duration

question

the amino acid ___ is the synthesis precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine

answer

tyrosine

question

degeneration of neurons within the ___ dopamine system leads to Parkinson's disease

answer

nigrostriatal

question

abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with

answer

schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease

question

Which of the pairs belong together?

answer

A and C (epinephrine and adrenaline, noradrenaline and norepinephrine)

question

One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is

answer

experimental ablation

question

Which of the following represents a problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior?

answer

the lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure, which in turn alters behavior

question

infusion of ___ into the brain will destroy cell bodies through the process of overstimulation.

answer

kainic acid

question

imagine that feeding behavior was eliminated when a radio-frequency lesion was used to damage the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, which suggested that cells within this region initiate feeding. If a subsequent study failed to observe a change in feeding after injection of kainic acid into the lateral hypothalamus, what conclusions would be appropriate?

answer

the changes in eating noted in the first study are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus

question

molecular biologists have tagged toxins to specific ___ that in turn will kill specific types of neurons.

answer

antibodies

question

A(n) ___ allows an experimenter to determine whether a lesion in a rat brain produced a specific behavioral effect.

answer

sham-lesion control group

question

___ is a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery

answer

Bregma

question

Which of the following is an advantage of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique?

answer

the fMRI scan has a higher resolution to the PET scan

question

the surgical instrument used to implant an electrode or cannula into the brain is termed a

answer

stereotaxic apparatus

question

the three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas describe

answer

anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medal-lateral coordinates

question

___ is considered to be a histological method

answer

all of the above are correct (fixing the brain, visual examination of a stained section, cutting the brain, staining the brain)

question

the ___ instrument is used to slice the brain into thin pieces for later examination

answer

microtome

question

of the structures in the following list, cresyl violet stains ___ most intensely

answer

cell bodies

question

the RNA, DNA, and associated proteins in cell bodies are collectively referred to as

answer

nissl substance

question

Which of the following structures can be visualized with the light microscope?

answer

nucleus

question

The functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) technique measures change in ___ to image brain metabolic activity

answer

blood oxygen level

question

Which term below means "moving forward"?

answer

anterograde

question

The ___ technique would be used to trace efferent axons from a brain region

answer

anterograde labeling method

question

the key use of PHA-L, a lectin made by kidney beans in neuroscience is to

answer

label neuronal pathways by anterograde transport

question

Which of these does not rely on destruction of brain tissue to be effective?

answer

Cooling

question

The ___ labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up by dendrites and then transported through axons toward terminal buttons

answer

anterograde

question

Imagine that prior research has suggested that neurons form the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to control eating behavior. To confirm this suggestion, your next step might be inject PHA-L into the ___ and confirm its transport to the ___.

answer

PVN; PFC

question

The chemical ___ can be used to trace the paths of afferent axons

answer

fluorogold

question

the usefulness of pseudorabies virus for histological analyses is

answer

for the tracing of serial synaptic connections

question

of these techniques for visualizing living human brain, the first developed was

answer

computerized tomography

question

The technique of ___ takes advantage of the fact that ___ can alter voltage gated channels in neurons

answer

photo-stimulation; light

question

the ___ technique is used to visualize axon bundles in living human brain

answer

diffusor tension imaging

question

the ___ procedure used magnetic waves to alter brain neural activity

answer

transcranial magnetic stimulation

question

peptides or proteins can be localized in the brain using

answer

immunocytochemistry

question

micro-dialysis is not done in humans for research purposed owing to

answer

ethical problems because the procedure is invasive

question

the ___ method uses a radioactive DNA probe bound to complementary RNA to localize neurochemicals in brain

answer

in situ hybridization

question

twins that share a particular trait are ___ for the trait

answer

concordant

question

Which of the following is strong evidence for an environmental contribution to a behavior?

answer

adopted children resemble their adopted families with regard to a trait

question

in the ___ technique, a modified strand of RNA and DNA binds with the specific molecules of mRNA, thereby preventing the protein encoded by the mRNA from being produced

answer

antisense oligonucleotide

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