question

Freud believed the mind was divided into three parts: the ________, the ________, and the preconscious.

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unconscious; conscious

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The ________ consists of 20 black and white pictures of people in ambiguous situations.

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Thematic Apperception Test

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IQ is assumed to be normally distributed with a mean IQ of 100 and a typical standard deviation of about

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15

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The assumption that the particular circumstance of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed is known as

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trait-situation interaction.

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The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting that affects later interpretation of that person is

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the halo effect.

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________ is the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively for solving problems.

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Intelligence

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Jim and Jose were studying for their psychology test. Jim asked Jose to name a test developed by Cattell based on factor analysis to measure one's personality characteristics. Jose knew right away that Jim was talking about the

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Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.

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The ________ specifically tests for abnormal behavioral patterns in personality.

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MMPI-2

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________ are more concerned with describing personality and predicting behavior than with the explanation of personality development

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Trait theorists

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Sigmund Freud's ideas were probably shaped by the historical era in which he lived, a time known as the

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Victorian Age.

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________ believed that there was not only a personal unconscious, but a collective unconscious as well.

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Jung

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Which of the following perspectives on personality focuses on aspects that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice?

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humanistic

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With regard to the Big Five traits of personality, when someone is creative, imaginative, and non-conforming, he or she tends to score high on the ________ trait.

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openness

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If a test does not measure what it's supposed to measure, then it lacks

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validity.

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When members of a group devote their lives to obtaining physical pleasure and immediate satisfaction of their needs, according to Freud, this group is dominated by their

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id.

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Freud believed that children adopt their parents' moral beliefs during the ________ stage of personality development.

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phallic

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A person with an IQ of 145 may be categorized as

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a genius.

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The image of oneself, which is based on information from significant people in one's life, is that person's

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self-concept.

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Surface traits

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are seen in the outward actions of a person.

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A music teacher wants to test her students on their piano skills. She then proceeds to administer a multiple choice test. This test lacks

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validity.

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Heidi is exploring her options and trying to decide where her best potential and abilities lie. She has a good idea of who she is and what she wants out of life. Carl Rogers would say that Heidi is a

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fully functioning person.

question

Shelly took the Stanford-Binet test at age 10 and scored a mental age of 13. Using Stern's formula, her IQ is

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130

question

Joe complains that his coworker, George, is irritating because George never has a nice thing to say about anyone or anything. Joe believes George's problem is an enduring characteristic with which George was born. In other words, Joe dislikes George's

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temperament

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One of the major problems associated with personality inventories is that they are

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dependent on the honesty of the person taking the test.

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The advantage of personality inventories over projective tests is that inventories are

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standardized.

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One way in which the social cognitive view differs from psychoanalytic theory is that it

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can be and has been tested under scientific conditions.

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Freud would say that a man who bites his fingernails is

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orally fixated.

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Sophie has a chance to interview for a promotion at work. She is sure she will do poorly anyway, so she decides against it. Bandura would say that Sophie has

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low self-efficacy.

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Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory is based on

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extensive research, such as the Bobo doll study.

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According to Adler, humans' driving force was not the pursuit of pleasure but the pursuit of

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superiority.

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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based on the ideas of

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Carl Jung.

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The process girls experience, with their father as the object of their affections and their mother as the rival, is

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the Electra complex.

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Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism consists of

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environment, behavior, and personal factors.

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_________ includes the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled.

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Emotional intelligence

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What type of research has been used to determine how much influence heredity has over intelligence?

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twin studies

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Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior is known as

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sublimation.

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The first truly longitudinal study was conducted by

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Lewis Terman.

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The five-factor model

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has implications for the diagnosis of personality disorders.

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In Freud's theory, the id, the ego, and the superego

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are in constant conflict.

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According to Freud, children in the latency stage

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develop intellectually, physically, and socially.

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According to Horney, a child might deal with anxiety by

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withdrawing from personal relationships.

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Erin had a high ability to solve problems as she encountered them. Spearman would call this

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g factor.

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Rotter's social learning theory is based on the principle that

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people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment.

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______ refer(s) to the unique way in which people think, feel, and behave.

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Personality

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The __________ differs from the other perspectives of personality in its basic goals.

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trait perspective

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________ developed the theory that children develop feelings of inferiority when comparing themselves to more powerful adults.

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Adler

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The office of one of your professors is extremely neat and tidy. All the books are carefully arranged on the shelves, and there are no papers lying about. Freud might suggest that this person has a(n)

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anal fixation.

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Erikson emphasized the importance of _______ at every stage of life.

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social relationships

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John's boss yells at him. As John walks meekly out of the boss's office, Dana walks past him and says, \"Hello!\" John yells at Dana and proceeds to berate her for the job she did on the last contract. Freud would say John is using ________ as a way of dealing with his stress.

answer

displacement

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During the genital stage, parents

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are no longer the focus of the child's sexual urges.

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Shortly after her daughter is born, Anna's three-year-old son wants to start sleeping in the crib again. This is an example of

answer

regression.

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Horney believed that all children had a sense of

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basic anxiety.

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Researchers have determined that the estimated heritability for intelligence is about

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50 percent.

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Micah's husband tells her how much happier he would be if she stayed home to raise their children. She believes he would stop loving her if she decided to take a job. Micah's husband is offering

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conditional positive regard.

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A person's perception of his or her actual characteristics, traits, and abilities is called their

answer

real self.

question

The advantage of personality inventories over projective tests is that

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the validity and reliability of inventories are generally recognized as being superior.

question

According to Cattell's 16PF self-report inventory, airline pilots, when compared to writers, tend to be more

answer

conscientious.

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Cattell's personality questionnaire is based on

answer

16 source traits.

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Khristian is always in a bad mood and people find him hard to get along with. Khristian's personality would be at the low end of the scale for

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agreeableness.

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Sternberg's three types of intelligence are analytical, creative, and

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practical.

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Gardner theorized that there are ____ types of intelligence.

answer

nine

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The Wechsler Tests

answer

provide four index scores derived from both verbal and nonverbal subtests.

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Standard deviation refers to

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the average variation of scores from the mean.

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Many items on a \"culture fair\" test require the use of

answer

nonverbal abilities.

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Gene believes that if his luck is good on the day of his final exam, he will do well. Gene likely has

answer

an external locus of control.

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Rogers believed that ____________ is necessary if one is to become a fully functioning person.

answer

having the unconditional positive regard of one's loved ones

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The ________ comes from those important, significant others in a person's life, most often the parents.

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ideal self

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The ________ of a test refers to it producing consistent results each time it is given to the same individual or group of people.

answer

reliability

question

The most frequently used intelligence tests in the United States are

answer

the Wechsler tests.

question

________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability.

answer

Fragile X syndrome

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Trait theories are concerned with

answer

describing personality and predicting behavior based on that description

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According to the five-factor model, a person who is calm and stable would score low on the trait of

answer

neuroticism.

question

One criticism of Freud is that his clients were

answer

almost all wealthy women.

question

Jung called the dark side of personality the

answer

shadow.

question

Carl Jung, unlike Freud, believed that _____ held much more than personal fears, urges, and memories

answer

the unconscious

question

According to Freud, the desired outcome of the phallic stage of psychosexual development is

answer

identification with the same-sex parent.

question

When assessing personality, trait theorists are most likely to use

answer

personality inventories.

question

When psychological professionals do a personality assessment, they

answer

often look at the client's behavior from all four perspectives to find the pieces of each that work for the client.

question

A person's personality should not be confused with their character, which is the person's

answer

morals or ethics.

question

Which of the following would be considered vital parts of personality?

answer

character and temperament

Psych101: Chapter 11 Theories of Personality and Intelligence

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