question

Correlation will tell researchers all of the following EXCEPT ________ between variables.

answer

if there is causation

question

What did Watson believe about behavior?

answer

that it is learned.

question

________ focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information.

answer

Cognitive psychology

question

If a correlation coefficient is positive,

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the two variables increase in the same direction.

question

Which of the following is a guideline for doing research with people?

answer

Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation.

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Freud believed that personality was formed

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in the first 6 years of life.

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John Watson believed that phobias

answer

are learned through the process of conditioning.

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Freud's theory of psychoanalysis

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Is still in use by professionals today, with less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations.

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The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is

answer

functionalism.

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A ________ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor.

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psychiatrist

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Mrs. Lewis participated in a study in which she was given no treatment for her condition. Mrs. Lewis was in the ________ group.

answer

control

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Mrs. O'Connor participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as

answer

the placebo effect.

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Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious mind. To which perspective does Mary ascribe?

answer

psychodynamic

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Anna is 45-years-old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. From a _____ perspective, Anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause.

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biopsychological

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When Mary took the survey in the mall, she noticed that the interviewer was wearing an Obama button. She answered the questions more favorably toward Obama than she might otherwise have, probably because

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of courtesy bias.

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Sasha sat in the preschool classroom and watched the children play, writing down how well they interacted with each other. The children could see that Sasha was watching them, so they made an attempt to be extra well-behaved for her. Sasha's research will be impacted by

answer

the observer effect.

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Dr. Jonas wanted to determine what would happen if rats were given food every time they completed a maze. He believed they would learn to complete the maze faster. This belief is called

answer

a prediction.

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Dr. Edwards wants to show a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and cancer. Dr. Edwards should

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conduct an experiment using animal participants.

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A drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is being given a sugar pill. This type of study is

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double-blind.

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Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from

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observer bias.

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Which of the following illustrates psychology's goal of control?

answer

using rewards to help a smoker give up cigarettes.

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Researchers use ________ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.

answer

the scientific method

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Experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using

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random assignment.

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Because psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use ________ to study psychology.

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the scientific method

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In an experiment in which half of the participants are given a caffeinated product and half are given a decaffeinated product to determine if caffeine will make them more talkative, the independent variable is

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the presence or absence of caffeine.

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If deception is necessary, participants must then be _________ after the study.

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debriefed

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Which of the following is a guideline for dealing with human research participants?

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Data must remain confidential.

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_____ is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one.

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The law of parsimony.

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Critical thinking is

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the ability to make reasoned judgments.

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Today, Gestalt psychology ideas are part of which branch of psychology?

answer

cognitive psychology

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The idea that sexual orientation may be related to the birth order of male children was posited by researchers in the field of

answer

biopsychology.

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Neither the participants nor the experimenter know if the participants are in the control or experimental group in a

answer

double-blind study

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If there is _________ in a medical experiment, the control group will show changes in the dependent variable even if they are given a harmless substitute rather than a real drug.

answer

a placebo effect

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By making a loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This proved that

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phobias could be learned through conditioning.

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What is the main advantage of laboratory observation?

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the degree of control it gives the researcher

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All of the following statements about surveys are true EXCEPT

answer

answers to survey questions are not impacted by courtesy bias.

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How does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism?

answer

Humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives.

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In testing whether children are influenced by violence on TV, the best method would be

answer

an experiment.

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According to the behavioral perspective, a child who cries and is rewarded by getting his mother's attention will

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cry again in the future.

question

The psychodynamic perspective differs from the psychoanalytic one in that

answer

the psychodynamic perspective places less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations

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________ suggests that behavioral responses are reinforced when rewarded with pleasurable consequences.

answer

Operant conditioning.

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When you make an educated guess about the explanation for your observations, you are

answer

forming a hypothesis.

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Step four of the scientific method, drawing conclusions, is related to psychology's goal of

answer

prediction.

question

If a researcher is observing a third grade classroom in full view of the students and finds that all the students are extremely quiet, polite, and attentive, what would the researcher be most likely to conclude?

answer

The students' behavior is due to the observer effect.

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In an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by

answer

using random assignment.

question

A researcher wants to describe children's normal behavior on the playground. The best method for this research is to use

answer

naturalistic observation.

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The best method to use to determine the cause of a behavior is the

answer

experiment.

question

Gestalt psychology is best described by the slogan,

answer

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts."

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Behaviorism influenced the field of

answer

cognitive psychology.

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Mary Cover Jones's research with a white rabbit focused on

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counterconditioning.

question

The text defines a _________ as someone who seeks wisdom and knowledge through thinking and discussion.

answer

philosopher

question

Mary Cover Jones's research with a _______ focused on counterconditioning.

answer

white rabbit

question

William James was responsible for developing the theory of

answer

functionalism.

question

Which of the following psychological professionals must always have a medical degree?

answer

psychiatrist

question

________ are personal judgments based on beliefs rather than facts.

answer

Biases

question

A doctor informs the parents of a 14-year-old that without hospitalization her anorexia will worsen and cause grave medical conditions. The doctor is making a(n)

answer

prediction.

question

Talking, facial expressions, and movements are elements of

answer

behavior.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about astrology?

answer

It is the study of the supposed influence of stars and planets on the birth of an infant.

question

Making reasoned judgments about claims is known as

answer

critical thinking.

question

A(n) __________ reviews a proposed study and judges it according to safety and consideration for its participants.

answer

institutional review board

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