question

unique pattern created by each individual to make sense of their world

answer

construct system

question

intellectual hypothesis we use to interpret events and constantly test (bipolar in nature e.g, honest vs dishonest)

answer

construct

question

we are free to revise or replace constructs with other alternatives as needed

answer

construct alternativism

question

states that our psychological processes are directed by the ways in which we anticipate events (no suggestion of internal mental energy)

answer

fundamental postulate

question

personality is a _____, ______ process directed by constructs and we use the constructs to predict the future, what is likely to occur if we behave in a certain way

answer

flowing, moving

question

there are ___ corollaries of ___ _____ theory

answer

11 personal construct

question

the ____ corollary: similarities among repeated events (we can predict of anticipate how we will experience such an event in the future)

answer

construction (we will never experience something in exactly the same way but there are recurrent themes of features that emerge)

question

the ____ corollary: individual differences in interpreting events (people perceive events in different ways)

answer

individuality

question

the ____ corollary: relationships among constructs (we arrange our constructs in patterns, according to our view of their similarities and differences; can include subordinate constructs)

answer

organization

question

the ____ corollary: 2 mutually exclusive alternatives (constructs are bipolar)

answer

dichotomy (ex: honesty v. dishonesty)

question

the ____ corollary: freedom of choice

answer

choice (we choose the alt. for each construct that works best for us that allows us to predict outcome of anticipated events)

question

the ____ corollary: the range of convenience. our constructs may apply to many situations or people, or they may be limited to a single person of situation

answer

range "range of convenience" spectrum of events to which a construct can be applied (think about tall vs. short)

question

the ____ corollary: exposure to new experiences. we continually test our constructs against lifes experiences to make sure they remain useful

answer

experiences

question

the ____ corollary: adapting to new experiences. our constructs may apply to many situations of people, or limited to a single person or situation; differing permeability

answer

modulation

question

the ____ corollary: competition among constructs

answer

fragmentation (we may have contradictory or inconsistent subordinate constructs within our overall construct system)

question

the _____ corollary: similarities among people in interpreting events

answer

commonality (although our individual constructs are unique to us, people in compatible groups or cultures may hold similar constructs)

question

the ____ corollary: construing constructs for interpersonal relationships

answer

sociality (we try to understand how other people think and predict what they will do, and we modify our behavior accordingly and play different roles)

question

questions about human nature: ____: we are the authors not the victims of our destiny past events are not ____ of present behavior we are motivated by being ____ ____ mental processes form our personality

answer

optimism determinants alive rational

question

assessment in kelly's theory: self characterization sketch _____ test constructs we apply to important people in our lives ____ _____ therapy

answer

role construct repertory test (REP) fixed role

question

REP studies show this

answer

stability of constructs over time we choose friends with similar construct systems married couples whose constructs were similar reported greater happiness differences between normal subj and psychiatric patients

question

research on kellys theory: cognitive complexity vs cognitive simplicity: ______

answer

ability to perceive differences among people

question

cognitive complexity

answer

increases with age linked to diverse experiences in childhood higher in women higher in bi-cultural students

question

george kellys approach to personality is called

answer

personal construct theory

question

kellys personality theory is based on the importance of

answer

our interpretation of our environment

question

george kellys personality theory is similar to his own childhood and personality

answer

plain, direct, consistent

question

kellys personality theory emerged from

answer

his counseling work with students

question

far more than the other theorists, kellys approach emphasizes ___ functioning

answer

intellectual

question

a person makes hypotheses and tests them against

answer

experiences

question

a construct is a

answer

persons way of looking at the events in his or her world

question

once we have formed a construct, we

answer

test is against reality

question

the freedom to revise constructs is called

answer

constructive alternativism

question

personal constructs are oriented toward the

answer

anticipation of future events

question

according to the individuality corollary

answer

different people perceive the same event in different ways

question

the test of a construct system is how well it

answer

predicts events

question

in a dichotomized construct, the alternative we select is determined by

answer

how well it predicts future events

question

when we select the high risk/high reward alternative in a dichotomized construct, we are

answer

extending the construct system

question

a constructs range of convenience is the

answer

range of events to which it can be applied

question

the idea that two constructs may be consistent in one situation and inconsistent in another situation is the

answer

fragmentation corollary

question

the ___ corollary explains how we construe the constructions of others

answer

sociality

question

kellys main contribution to assessment is the

answer

role construct repertory (REP) test

question

friendships among college students are likely to endure when their constructs are

answer

similar

question

today, kellys theory of personality is

answer

more popular elsewhere than in the united states

question

kelly was born in ____ only child of ____ and started high school when he was 13 yrs old and rarely lived at home after that

answer

kansas fundamentalists

question

kelly got his bachelors in ___ and ____ and his PhD in _____ in 1931

answer

physics, mathematics psychology

question

kelly treated students referred by their teachers for counseling, adopted an _____ attitude in the counseling process and was a major force in ____ psychology

answer

intellectual clinical

question

the cognitive movement in psych: individuality create a set of cognitive constructs about the _______ opposed to the __ & __ approaches people function as _____ _____ ___ : used to predict and control the events in our lives failed to gain mainstream recog

answer

environment behavioral & psychoanalytic scientists personal constructs

question

Personal Construct

answer

Personality in terms of the cognitive processes. We are capable of interpreting behaviors and events and of using this understanding to guide our behavior and to predict the behavior of other people

question

Construing

answer

is our unique view of events

question

Construct system

answer

is the unique pattern created by each individual

question

Construct

answer

intellectual hypothesis that we devise and use to interpret or explain life events. Constructs are bipolar or dichotomous such as tall versus short or honest versus dishonest.

question

Constructive Alternativism

answer

the idea that we are free to revise or replace our constructrs with alternatives as needed

question

construction

answer

repeated events are similar we can predict or anticipate how we will experience such an event in the future

question

individuality Organization

answer

people perceive events in different ways

question

cichotomy

answer

constructs are bipolar. we have the idea of honesty but the concept includes dishonesty

question

choice

answer

we choose to alternative for each construct that works best for us the one that allows us to predict the outcome of anticipated events.

question

range

answer

our constructs may apply to many situations or people or they may be limited to a single person or situation

question

experience

answer

continually rest our constructs against life experiences to make sure they remain useful

question

modulation

answer

modify our constructs as a function of new experiences

question

fragmentation

answer

may sometimes have contradictory or inconsisitent subordinate constructs within our overall constuct system

question

commonality

answer

although our individual constructs are unique to us people in compatible groups or cultures may hold similar constructs

question

sociality

answer

we try to understand how other people think and predict what they will do an we modify our behavior accordingly

question

range of convience

answer

the spectrum of events to which a constuct can be applied. some constructs are relevant to a limited number of people or situations other constructs are broader.

question

permeability

answer

the idea that constructs cna be revised and extended in light of new experiences

question

Self characterization sketch

answer

technique designed to asses a persons construct system that is how a person perceives himself or herself in relation to other people

question

fixed role therapy

answer

technique in which the client acts out constructs appropriate for a fictitious person. this show the client how the new construct can be more efective that theold ones he or she has been using

question

cognitive complexity

answer

cognitive style of way of constuing the envirometn characterized by the ability to perceive differences among people *Healthy*

question

cognitive simplicity

answer

a cognitive style or way of construing the envirometn characterized by a relative inability to perceive differences among people. Not flexible, unhealthy, no shades of gray.

question

Individuality Corollary

answer

individual deffernces in interpreting events

question

Organization Corollary

answer

relationships among constructs. we organize our constructs into patterns according to out view of the interrelationship that is their similarities and differences

question

Dichotomy Corollary

answer

two mutually exclusive alternatives. if we are to anticipate future events correctly then we must note similarities among people of events as well as dissimilariteis. Honesty vs. Dishonesty

question

The Choice Corollary

answer

Freedom of choice. High Risk-Low Prediction Low Risk-High Prediction

question

Range Corollary

answer

range of convience. Tall vs. Short

question

Experience Corollary

answer

Exposure to new experiences. Its a hypothesis generated on the basis of past experience to predict or anticipate future events

question

Modulation Corollary

answer

Adapting to new experiences.

question

Fragmentation Corollary

answer

Competition Among constructs

question

Commonality Corollary

answer

Similarities among people in interpreting events

question

Sociality Corollary

answer

interpersonal relationships

question

Human Nature

answer

Optimistic, Conscious, did not accept determinism. He did not consider past events as determinates of present behavior (kelly). The individuality of uniqueness of many of outr constructs andd therefore the self.{Free will, Nature, present and future}

question

Self Characterization Sketches

answer

asses a construct system is to have the person write a sketch.

question

Role Construct Repertory Test

answer

uncover the constructs we apply to the important people in our lives.

question

Life of Kelly

answer

Born on a farm in Kansas. Only child. Parents fundamentalist in their religios beliefs and believed in helping the poor. Taught by parents till 13. Joine US Navy

question

Construction Corollary

answer

similarities among repeated events. believed that no life event or experience could be reproduced exactly as it occured the first time.

question

Postulate

answer

Psychological Processes directed by ways we anticipate events

question

Experience Corollory

answer

We judge our expectation (constinct) against reality and make adjustments

question

Construct

answer

how we predict things by the interpretation of individuals events

question

Abraham Maslow was associated with ____ psychology

answer

humanistic

question

Maslow believed that psychologists should study

answer

the strengths and virtues where human natures is at its best

question

Maslow insisted on psychology that emphasized

answer

human strengths, free-will, and the fulfillment of human potential

question

Maslow's approach to personality is based on the idea that

answer

people are capable of displaying better behavior than prejudice, hatred, and aggression

question

Maslow's hierarchy of needs are considered instinctoid, which are based on

answer

needs for safety, belongingness, and love

question

According to Maslow, hungry people are not preoccupied with the need of self-actualization until they _____needs

answer

physiological

question

The key idea in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that

answer

lower needs have to be satisfied before higher needs become influential

question

A fully functioning person feels a(n)

answer

ability to live richly and creatively in the moment

question

Belongingness and esteem needs arise in

answer

adolescence

question

Higher needs are

answer

All of the answers -weaker than lower -active late in life -less necessary

question

Maslow called the higher (meta) needs

answer

growth or being needs

question

Lower needs are

answer

All of the answers -stronger -called -more

question

All of the following are physiological needs except

answer

the need for relationships

question

The need for safety is most important in

answer

infants and neurotic adults

question

People whose safety needs are unsatisfied prefer

answer

stability and structure

question

Maslow believed that the belongingness and love needs

answer

involves the need bot to give and receive love

question

By self-actualization, Maslow meant

answer

fulfillment of our unique potential, talents, and abilities

question

A prerequisite for self-actualization is

answer

All of the answers -realistic knowledge -freedom from constraints -feeling of security

question

concerning cognitive needs, studies have been shown that emotionally healthy adults

answer

are motivated to improve their knowledge about unexplained events

question

In Maslow's view, human behavior is

answer

determined by innate needs and situational variables

question

In metamotivation, a person

answer

is said to be developing from within

question

According to Maslow, truly self-actualized people constitute for ___ of the population

answer

less than 1%

question

Maslow called moments of intense ecstasy, power, and transcendence of the self

answer

peak experiences

question

During a peak experience, the person

answer

feels powerful, confident, and decisive

question

A peak experience occurs when

answer

the self is transcended and a person feels supremely powerful

question

Self-actualizers can occasionally

answer

All of the answers -feel doubt -be hurtful -experience conflict

question

The tendency to self-actualize can be impeded by

answer

our doubts about our own abilities

question

Maslow's personality theory grew out of his research on the characteristics of

answer

self-actualized persons

question

Maslow's primary research method was the

answer

Maslow did not use these traditional research techniques

question

Maslow has been criticized on the grounds that his research

answer

is nnot scientifically rigorous

question

What was Maslow's attitude tower subjective experiences?

answer

it provides the experiential base for personality research

question

According to Maslow, what could one do to help another person grow and develop

answer

enhance the attractions (benefits) of change

question

In order of their salience (ability to influence us), the needs in Maslow's hierarchy are

answer

physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

question

According to Maslow, once a need has been met

answer

it may again become pre-potent, if no longer met in the future

question

A wish or desire qualifies as a basic need when one or more of the following conditions are met

answer

All of the above -absence -presence -return

question

At the highest level of the need hierarchy, people are

answer

no longer motivated by basic need deficiencies

question

Which of the following illustrates B-motivation?

answer

beauty, truth, and justice

question

People who are self-actualized are most likely to laugh at

answer

the human condition

question

The need for self-esteem is ____

answer

a deficiency motivation

question

Basic needs are

answer

All of the above -instinctoid -universal -deficiency -prepotent

question

Carl Rogers and ____ viewed psychology as humanistic, psychoanalytic

answer

Abraham Maslow

question

Rogers believed personality is influence primarily by

answer

conscious perception of ourselves and our experiential world

question

According to Rogers, the best way to understand personality is through

answer

a person's subjective experiences

question

For Rogers, the ultimate goal is to become a

answer

fully functioning person

question

Rogers childhood was characterized by

answer

parents who loved him in subtle ways, but held strict religious views and emphasized moral behavior

question

According to Rogers, the way we see our environment is

answer

dependent on our perception of it, which may not always coincide with reality

question

To rogers, the only valid way to study personality is through

answer

examining each person's subjective perceptions

question

Rogers' terms for the acceptance we need from others is

answer

positive regard

question

According to Rogers, unconditional positive regard

answer

is nto dependent on the child's behavior

question

Conditions of worth derive from

answer

internalizing parents' norms and standards

question

Once infants develop conditions of worth, they

answer

must avoid certain behaviors that otherwise might be personally satisfying

question

Our level of psychological adjustment and emotional health is a function of the extent for which our

answer

self is congruent with our environment

question

Carl Rogers' fully functioning person would

answer

All of the answers

question

All of the following are characteristics of a fully functioning person except

answer

achievement of as much wealth and power as one's potential allows

question

In Rogers' theory of human nature

answer

one aspect of personality... predispositional

question

Rogers believed that personality should be

answer

Three long words

question

Rogers said it was difficult for a therapist to know a client's experiential world completely, because

answer

all of the answers

question

In Rogers' approach to therapy, the therapist provides

answer

unconditional positive regard

question

The only predetermined belief of the person-centered therapist is

answer

the client's inherent value and worth

question

With regard to experiemtnal research, Rogers

answer

preferred to have a clearer view of a person's experiential world

question

The technique in which a person arranges statements about the self-concept into categories is called

answer

a Q-sort

question

Rogers believed that the essence of human nature is

answer

an innate drive for actualization

question

Research using the Q sort provides

answer

impressive evidence for the effectiveness of person-centered therapy

question

The self-reports, children whose parents used conditional regard

answer

showed poor coping skills, fluctuating levels of self-esteem and low self worth

question

Parents who accepted their children unconditionally and displayed democratic child rearing practices

answer

had children with higher self-esteem and greater emotional security

question

To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized

answer

choice making and responsibility

question

To say that Rogers took a phenomenological approach recognize that he emphasized

answer

understanding the point of view of the client

question

Rogers regarded the fundamental motivation to be

answer

the actualizing tendency

question

If a person is highly incongruent

answer

the real self and ideal self are in conflict

question

To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized

answer

choice making and responsibility

question

Rogers' term for acceptance we need from others is

answer

positive regard

question

Our level of psychological adjustment is a function of the extent to which

answer

self is contingent with environment

question

Differentiation of self ....

answer

All of the above

question

Rogers term for understanding others as they see themselves is

answer

empathy

question

At an intrapsychic level, differentiation refers to the ability to distinguish between

answer

intellect and emotion

question

Highly differentiated individuals are thought to

answer

demonstrate better psychological adjustment

question

Highly differentiated individuals are thought to

answer

remain in satisfying contact with families of origin

question

People who are highly differentiated tend to also be

answer

emotionally regulated

question

Those who have "satisfaction with life" tend to

answer

All of the above

question

A peak experience occurs when

answer

the self is transcend and a person feels supremely able and at peace

question

rogers contributions: a system of thought in which human interests and values are of primary importance

answer

humanistic psychology

question

rogers contributions: -theory developed from therapeutic approach, ________ therapy -person direct change; therapist facilitates -emphasis on the ____ and _____ - a single, inborn overriding motivation to actualize (develop our abilities and tendencies to become a fully functioning person)

answer

person-centered conscious & present

question

rogers parents were ____, _____ and forced their moral view, suppression of emotional displays, and the virtue of hard work on him

answer

strict & religious

question

these two things depended on rogers view of the world and he lived a ____ life and was fascinated with science

answer

solitude & reading rural

question

-rogers studied ____ at the University of Wisconsin for one year then switched majors - swung to ___ views which was stressful

answer

agriculture liberal

question

-rogers original studies were ___ then child study on ____ children -he worked to bring ____ psych to the mainstream, his inability to help clients led to stress, illness and seclusion but he had clinical experience with college students which distinguished his career

answer

ministry underprivileged clinical

question

surprised/dismissive that self-insight is a more powerful predictor than family environment; later accepted

answer

the self & tendency toward actualization

question

basic human motivation to actualize, maintain, and enhance the self; not automatic or effortless (process involved difficult growth)

answer

actualization tendency

question

process of judging based on value for actualization and growth

answer

organismic valuing process

question

this of an individual provides the frame of reference or context that influences growth

answer

experiential world

question

only reliable reality is our subjective experience and inner perception of reality -our experiences become the only basis of our judgements and behaviors

answer

phenomonology

question

acceptance, love and approval from others (universal and persistent need)

answer

positive regard

question

approval regardless of ones behavior

answer

unconditional positive regard

question

condition under which we grant ourselves acceptance and approval

answer

positive self-regard

question

only worth of approval for desirable behaviors and attitudes (similar to freuds superego)

answer

conditions of worth

question

approval, acceptance only when person exhibits desirable behaviors (this means that sometimes children will avoid behaviors that otherwise might be personally satisfying)

answer

conditional positive regard

question

discrepancy between self-concept and experience

answer

incongruence

question

compatibility between self-concept and experiences

answer

psychological adjustment

question

desired result of psychological development (aware of all experience, live richly & fully in ever moment, trust in own organism, feel free to make choices, are creative & live constructively, may face difficulties)

answer

fully functioning person

question

questions about human nature: -focus on ___ __ and ___ - ____ influences -childhood has some impact, but later experiences have more impact -opportunity for uniqueness -____ : people are able to improve themselves - experience world openly; ___ outlook

answer

free choice & present environmental optimistic progressive

question

approach to therapy in which the client is assumed to be responsible for changing; focus on subjective experience

answer

person-centered therapy

question

group therapy for learning about feelings and relating to one another (others developed tests of experience)

answer

encounter groups

question

research on rogers theory: - first to ___ therapy sessions for research - ___ technique: self-report technique for assessing self-concept - discrepancy between perceived self and ideal self decreases with therapy - parent use of conditional regard - more ___ problems - ___ defense shown by poorly adjusted people

answer

film q-sort child perceptual

question

research on rogers theory: parents who use unconditional positive regard -children with higher self-esteem and ___ ___ and adolescents more confident and ____

answer

emotional security hopeful

question

research on rogers theory: -some evidence for ___ ___ process, positive self regard more prevalent in individualistic cultures than collectivist -person with great discrepancy between ______ selves rated by others as awkward, confused and unfriendly

answer

organismic valuing perceived/ideal

question

reflections on rogers theory: -lack of ___ of mechanisms -criticized for influences outside of persons perspectives -________ therapy became popular; highly accessible -core concepts accepted by other orientations -emphasis on ______ widely recognized

answer

clarification person-centered self-concept

question

rogers believed personality is influenced primarily by

answer

conscious rational factors

question

we can see origins of Rogers personality in his childhood experience of

answer

living by someone elses view of the world rather than his own

question

rogers clinical experience while in academia was mostly with

answer

young intelligence, highly verbal college students

question

rogers research on delinquent children showed that

answer

self-insight was the best predictor of later behavior

question

rogers believed that the tendency to actualize is

answer

innate

question

the purpose of what rogers called the organismic valuing process is to

answer

evaluate life experiences by how well they serve actualization

question

according to rogers, the way we see our environment is

answer

highly subjective

question

rogers believed that the experiential world is

answer

unique to each individual

question

rogers term for the acceptance we need from others is

answer

positive regard

question

according to rogers, unconditional positive regard

answer

is not dependent on the childs behavior

question

the old warning, "of course mommy loves you...when you're good!" is an example of

answer

conditional positive

question

once infants develop conditions of worth, they

answer

must avoid certain behaviors

question

what is not a characteristic of the fully functioning person

answer

unconditional positive regard

question

which term best characterizes the self-actualizing person

answer

enriched

question

rogers believed that childhood experiences are

answer

less important than later experiences

question

in rogers approach to therapy, the therapist provides

answer

unconditional positive regard

question

what method did rogers use to assess personality?

answer

clinical interviews

question

the technique in which a person arranges statements about the self-concept into categories is called

answer

q-short

question

why are so many people unhappy? rogers says it is because

answer

we have both a real self and an ideal self, and they are often in conflict

question

rogers believed our rational beings are ruled by a ___ perception of our selves and our experiential world

answer

conscious

question

Abraham Maslow was associated with ____ psychology

answer

humanistic

question

Maslow believed that psychologists should study

answer

the strengths and virtues where human natures is at its best

question

Maslow insisted on psychology that emphasized

answer

human strengths, free-will, and the fulfillment of human potential

question

Maslow's approach to personality is based on the idea that

answer

people are capable of displaying better behavior than prejudice, hatred, and aggression

question

Maslow's hierarchy of needs are considered instinctoid, which are based on

answer

needs for safety, belongingness, and love

question

According to Maslow, hungry people are not preoccupied with the need of self-actualization until they _____needs

answer

physiological

question

The key idea in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that

answer

lower needs have to be satisfied before higher needs become influential

question

A fully functioning person feels a(n)

answer

ability to live richly and creatively in the moment

question

Belongingness and esteem needs arise in

answer

adolescence

question

Higher needs are

answer

All of the answers -weaker than lower -active late in life -less necessary

question

Maslow called the higher (meta) needs

answer

growth or being needs

question

Lower needs are

answer

All of the answers -stronger -called -more

question

All of the following are physiological needs except

answer

the need for relationships

question

The need for safety is most important in

answer

infants and neurotic adults

question

People whose safety needs are unsatisfied prefer

answer

stability and structure

question

Maslow believed that the belongingness and love needs

answer

involves the need bot to give and receive love

question

By self-actualization, Maslow meant

answer

fulfillment of our unique potential, talents, and abilities

question

A prerequisite for self-actualization is

answer

All of the answers -realistic knowledge -freedom from constraints -feeling of security

question

concerning cognitive needs, studies have been shown that emotionally healthy adults

answer

are motivated to improve their knowledge about unexplained events

question

In Maslow's view, human behavior is

answer

determined by innate needs and situational variables

question

In metamotivation, a person

answer

is said to be developing from within

question

According to Maslow, truly self-actualized people constitute for ___ of the population

answer

less than 1%

question

Maslow called moments of intense ecstasy, power, and transcendence of the self

answer

peak experiences

question

During a peak experience, the person

answer

feels powerful, confident, and decisive

question

A peak experience occurs when

answer

the self is transcended and a person feels supremely powerful

question

Self-actualizers can occasionally

answer

All of the answers -feel doubt -be hurtful -experience conflict

question

The tendency to self-actualize can be impeded by

answer

our doubts about our own abilities

question

Maslow's personality theory grew out of his research on the characteristics of

answer

self-actualized persons

question

Maslow's primary research method was the

answer

Maslow did not use these traditional research techniques

question

Maslow has been criticized on the grounds that his research

answer

is nnot scientifically rigorous

question

What was Maslow's attitude tower subjective experiences?

answer

it provides the experiential base for personality research

question

According to Maslow, what could one do to help another person grow and develop

answer

enhance the attractions (benefits) of change

question

In order of their salience (ability to influence us), the needs in Maslow's hierarchy are

answer

physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

question

According to Maslow, once a need has been met

answer

it may again become pre-potent, if no longer met in the future

question

A wish or desire qualifies as a basic need when one or more of the following conditions are met

answer

All of the above -absence -presence -return

question

At the highest level of the need hierarchy, people are

answer

no longer motivated by basic need deficiencies

question

Which of the following illustrates B-motivation?

answer

beauty, truth, and justice

question

People who are self-actualized are most likely to laugh at

answer

the human condition

question

The need for self-esteem is ____

answer

a deficiency motivation

question

Basic needs are

answer

All of the above -instinctoid -universal -deficiency -prepotent

question

Carl Rogers and ____ viewed psychology as humanistic, psychoanalytic

answer

Abraham Maslow

question

Rogers believed personality is influence primarily by

answer

conscious perception of ourselves and our experiential world

question

According to Rogers, the best way to understand personality is through

answer

a person's subjective experiences

question

For Rogers, the ultimate goal is to become a

answer

fully functioning person

question

Rogers childhood was characterized by

answer

parents who loved him in subtle ways, but held strict religious views and emphasized moral behavior

question

According to Rogers, the way we see our environment is

answer

dependent on our perception of it, which may not always coincide with reality

question

To rogers, the only valid way to study personality is through

answer

examining each person's subjective perceptions

question

Rogers' terms for the acceptance we need from others is

answer

positive regard

question

According to Rogers, unconditional positive regard

answer

is nto dependent on the child's behavior

question

Conditions of worth derive from

answer

internalizing parents' norms and standards

question

Once infants develop conditions of worth, they

answer

must avoid certain behaviors that otherwise might be personally satisfying

question

Our level of psychological adjustment and emotional health is a function of the extent for which our

answer

self is congruent with our environment

question

Carl Rogers' fully functioning person would

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All of the answers

question

All of the following are characteristics of a fully functioning person except

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achievement of as much wealth and power as one's potential allows

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In Rogers' theory of human nature

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one aspect of personality... predispositional

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Rogers believed that personality should be

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Three long words

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Rogers said it was difficult for a therapist to know a client's experiential world completely, because

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all of the answers

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In Rogers' approach to therapy, the therapist provides

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unconditional positive regard

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The only predetermined belief of the person-centered therapist is

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the client's inherent value and worth

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With regard to experiemtnal research, Rogers

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preferred to have a clearer view of a person's experiential world

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The technique in which a person arranges statements about the self-concept into categories is called

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a Q-sort

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Rogers believed that the essence of human nature is

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an innate drive for actualization

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Research using the Q sort provides

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impressive evidence for the effectiveness of person-centered therapy

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The self-reports, children whose parents used conditional regard

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showed poor coping skills, fluctuating levels of self-esteem and low self worth

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Parents who accepted their children unconditionally and displayed democratic child rearing practices

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had children with higher self-esteem and greater emotional security

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To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized

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choice making and responsibility

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To say that Rogers took a phenomenological approach recognize that he emphasized

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understanding the point of view of the client

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Rogers regarded the fundamental motivation to be

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the actualizing tendency

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If a person is highly incongruent

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the real self and ideal self are in conflict

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To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized

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choice making and responsibility

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Rogers' term for acceptance we need from others is

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positive regard

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Our level of psychological adjustment is a function of the extent to which

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self is contingent with environment

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Differentiation of self ....

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All of the above

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Rogers term for understanding others as they see themselves is

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empathy

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At an intrapsychic level, differentiation refers to the ability to distinguish between

answer

intellect and emotion

question

Highly differentiated individuals are thought to

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demonstrate better psychological adjustment

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Highly differentiated individuals are thought to

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remain in satisfying contact with families of origin

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People who are highly differentiated tend to also be

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emotionally regulated

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Those who have "satisfaction with life" tend to

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All of the above

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A peak experience occurs when

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the self is transcend and a person feels supremely able and at peace

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Maslow's influences from childhood

answer

Father—determined but aloof father; hitchhiked across Western Europe; was a drinker and philanderer - periodically abandoned family Mother-- superstitious;cruel;hated- killed kittens; rejected Maslow for younger siblings Inferiority complex- Felt inferior because of physique, nose, and differences from others Compensation- Did not do well athletically, so turned to scholarship

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Maslow's influences from later experiences

answer

-Developed an interest in behaviorism;Worked with primates -Interest turned to humanism -Worked to overcome ailments -Experiences of having a child and feeling helpless, viewing a parade, and influences of Gestalt psychologist and American anthropologist kindled interest in self-actualization

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Hierarchy of needs

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activate and direct human behavior 1. physiological 2. safety 3. belongingness and love 4. Esteem 5. self-actualization

question

Instinctoid

answer

The way Maslow desribed the five needs in his hiearchy; needs are innate or have a heriditory component. However, these needs can be affected/overridden by learning, social expectations, and fear of disapproval. Although we come equipped with these needs at birth, the behaviors we use to satisfy them are learned and therefore subject to variation from one person to another;Overlain with environmental influences and learned behaviors

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In Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, one need is ___________ at any time

answer

dominant

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Can the order change in the hierarchy of needs?

answer

Yes

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Four needs are ________, and four needs are __________

answer

deficit; growth (being)

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Deficiency needs

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-failure to satisfy produces a deficiency in body -basic requirements for physical and psychological well-being -4 lower level needs that must be satisfied first

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Growth (being) needs

answer

The 4 higher needs; although growth needs are less necessary than deficit needs for survival, they involve the realization and fulfillment of human potential.

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Which are more important: lower level needs or higher level needs?

answer

lower level needs

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Lower needs

answer

higher potency/priority

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Higher needs

answer

-later in life -gratification can be postponed and requires better circumstances/opportinities -satisfaction leads to psychological benifits

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physiological needs

answer

*basic physical or biological needs required by every human to sustain life -Food -Water -Air -Clothing -Shelter -Procreation *Rarely in need of satisfaction in affluent, industrialized cultures

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Safety needs

answer

*Necessary for freedom from fear -Physical safety -Health and well-being -Economic safety -Emotional safety -Insurance against future threats *Most prevalent in children and neurotic and insecure adults

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Belongingness and love needs

answer

*Necessary for acceptance -Friendship -Intimacy -Family *Arises in adolescence

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Esteem needs

answer

*Necessary for confidence, competence, and productivity -Esteem and respect from others -Feeling of self-worth and esteem from selves *Arises in adolescence

question

need for Self-actualization

answer

the need to fulfill one's potention; highest need in Maslow's motivational hierarchy; Peak of potential and fullest personality development

question

4 necessary conditions of self-actualization

answer

-Free of constraints imposed by society and selves -Free of distraction by lower-order needs -Security in self image and relationships with others -Realistic knowledge of strengths and weaknesses

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metamotivation

answer

the motivation of self-actualizers, which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object

question

When self-actualized people use metamotivation, they are

answer

-Seeking knowledge and understanding of environment -Seeking personal enrichment -State of "being" (spontaneously, naturally, and joyfully expressing full humanity) -Evolving to meet metaneeds *failure results in metapathology

question

metaneeds

answer

States of growth or being toward which self-actualizers evolve; Secondary concerns, such as spirituality, creativity, curiosity, beauty, philosophy, and justice, that can be addressed only after the basic needs are met.

question

metapathology

answer

*the result when metaneeds are not met; -A thwarting of self-development related to failure to satisfy the metaneeds. -Psychological disorder that results when a being motive is not allowed proper expression.

question

12 characteristics of a Self-Actualized individual

answer

-Efficient perception of reality -Acceptance of self, others, and nature -Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness -Dedication to a cause -sense of detachment and need for privacy -Freshness of appreciation -Peak experiences -Social interest -Deep interpersonal relationships -Tolerance and acceptance of others -Creativeness and originality -Resistance to social pressures/inculturation

question

Efficient perception of reality

answer

Self-actualizers perceive their world, including other people, clearly and objectively, unbiased by prejudgments or preconceptions

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Acceptance of self, others, and nature

answer

Self-actualizers accept their strengths and weaknesses. They do not try to distort or falsify their self-image and they do not feel guilty about their failings. They also accept the weaknesses of other people and of society in general.

question

Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness

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The behavior of self-actualizers is open, direct, and natural. They rarely hide their feelings or emotions or play a role to satisfy society, although they may do so to avoid hurting other people; individualistic in their ideas and ideals but not necessarily unconventional in their behavior; feel secure enough to be themselves without being overly assertive.

question

Dedication to a cause; focus on problems outside themselves

answer

Self-actualizers have a sense of mission, a commitment, to which they devote their energy. This dedication to a cause or vocation is a requirement for self-actualization; ﬁnd pleasure and excitement in their hard work; Through intense dedication, able to satisfy the metaneeds; do not undertake their tasks for money, fame, or power but rather to satisfy the metaneeds. Their commitment challenges and develops their abilities and helps deﬁne their sense of self.

question

sense of detachment and need for privacy

answer

Self-actualizers can experience isolation without harmful effects and seem to need solitude more than persons who are not self-actualizing; depend on themselves, not on others, for their satisfactions; independence may make them seem aloof or unfriendly, but that is not their intent; more autonomous than most; and dont crave social support

question

freshness of appreciation

answer

Self-actualizers have the ability to perceive and experience their environment with freshness, wonder, and awe. An experience may grow stale for someone who is not self-actualizing, but self-actualizers will enjoy each recurrence as though it was the ﬁrst. Whether it is a sunset, a painting, or a symphony, a baseball game or a birthday gift—all of these experiences can be viewed with delight. Self-actualizers appreciate what they have and take little for granted.

question

peak experiences

answer

Self-actualizers know moments of intense ecstasy, not unlike deep religious experiences, that can occur with virtually any activity. Maslow called these events peak experiences, during which the self is transcended and the person feels supremely powerful, conﬁdent, an decisive.

question

social interest

answer

Maslow adopted Alfred Adler's concept of social interest to indicate the sympathy and empathy self-actualizing persons have for all humanity; Although often irritated by the behavior of other people, self-actualizers feel a kinship with and an understanding of others as well as a desire to help them.

question

Deep interpersonal relationships

answer

Although their circle of friends is not large, self-actualizers have deep, lasting friendships; tend to select as friends those with personal qualities similar to their own, just as we all choose as friends the people we ﬁnd compatible; often attract admirers or disciples; relationships are usually one-sided; the admirer asks more of the self-actualizer than the self-actualizer is able or willing to give.

question

Tolerance and acceptance of others; democratic character structure

answer

Self-actualizers are tolerant and accepting of the personality and behavior of others; display no racial, religious, or social prejudice; willing to listen to and learn from anyone capable of teaching them and are rarely condescending

question

Creativeness and originality

answer

Self-actualizing people are highly creative and exhibit inventiveness and originality in their work and other facets of life; ﬂexible, spontaneous, and willing to make mistakes and learn from them; open and humble, in the way children are before society teaches them to be embarrassed or shy about possibly doing something foolish.

question

Resistance to social pressures/inculturation

answer

Self-actualizers are autonomous, independent,and self-sufﬁcient; feel free to resist social and cultural pressures to think or behave in a certain way;do not openly rebel against cultural norms or social codes, but they are governed by their own nature rather than the structures of society.

question

Failure to self actualize

answer

-Hostile and rejecting parents -Poor economic/environmental conditions -Inadequate education -Restriction from exploring -Too much freedom -Self-doubt (Jonah complex)

question

Jonah Complex

answer

The fear that maximizing our potential will lead to a situation with which we will be unable to cope.

question

What is necessary to be able to be self-actualized?

answer

-Sufficient childhood love -satisfaction of physiological and safety needs in first two years of life -courage

question

Cognitive needs

answer

1. need to know-strongest and highest priority 2. need to understand-comes later *Appear in late infancy and early childhood *Overlap the other five needs *Required for self-actualization

question

Maslow's views on human nature

answer

Optimistic - focus on psychological health and potential Free will- we choose how to satisfy our needs and maximize potential Nature and nurture - needs are innate but behaviors are learned Uniqueness and universality - needs are universal but how we respond and behave are unique Growth - we try to achieve self-actualization and our maximum potential

question

Factor Analysis

answer

A statistical technique based on correlations between several measures, which may be explained in terms of underlying factors

question

traits

answer

reaction tendencies, derived by the method of factor analysis, that are relatively permanent parts of the personality

question

common traits

answer

traits possessed in some degree by all persons

question

unique traits

answer

traits possessed by one or a few persons

question

ability traits

answer

traits that describe our skills and how efficiently we will be able to work toward our goals

question

temperament traits

answer

traits that describe our general behavioral style in responding to our environment

question

dynamic traits

answer

traits that describe our motivations and interests

question

surface traits

answer

traits that show a correlation but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source

question

source traits

answer

stable, permanent traits that are the basic factors of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis

question

constitutional traits

answer

source traits that depend on our physiological characteristics

question

environmental-mold traits

answer

source traits that are learned from social and environmental interactions

question

ergs

answer

Permanent constitutional source traits that provide energy for goal-directed behavior. Ergs are the basic innate units of motivation

question

sentiments

answer

To Cattell, environmental-mold source traits that motivate behavior

question

attitudes

answer

To Cattell, attitudes are our interests in and emotions and behaviors toward some person, object, or event. This is a broader definition than typically used in psychology

question

subsidiation

answer

To Cattell, the relationships among ergs, sentiments, and attitudes, in which some elements are subordinate to others

question

dyanamic lattice

answer

The representation in a chart or diagram of the relationships among ergs, sentiments, and attitudes

question

Self-sentiment

answer

The self-concept, which is the organizer of our attitudes and motivations.

question

16 PF

answer

Personality Factor Test 16 yrs and older 16 personality traits used often for marital counseling and business performance evaluations

question

L-data

answer

Life-record ratings of behaviors observed in real-life situations, such as the classroom or office

question

Q-data

answer

Self-Report questionnaire ratings of our characteristics, attitudes, and interests

question

T-data

answer

Data derived from personality tests that are resistant to faking

question

Behavioral Genetics

answer

The study of the relationship between genetic or hereditary factors and personality traits

question

E-N-P

answer

E: Extraversion versus Introversion N: Neurotocism versus Emotional Stability P: Psychoticism versus Impulse Control

question

Extraversion

answer

Extraverts and Introverts

question

Neurotocism

answer

Neurotocism versus Emotional Stability anxious, depressed, tense, irrational, and moody; they may have low self-esteem and be prone to guilty feelings people are genetically predisposed one way or the other

question

Psychoticism

answer

Psychoticism versus Impulse Control aggressive, antisocial, tough-minded, cold, and egocentric; often cruel, hostile, and insensitive; sometimes highly creative men generally higher than women here

question

Cattell was born in ____ and had a ___ childhood

answer

england, happy

question

Carttell's parents had ___ ____ but were ____ with time

answer

high standards; permissive

question

Cattell has a ___ ____ nearby and became serious from seeing wounded soldiers

answer

WWI hopsital

question

Cattell enrolled here at 16 and got his undergrad honors in ____ and ___ and graduated with phD in 1929

answer

university of london; chemistry and physics

question

Cattell moved to US ___ years after graduating from London

answer

8 years

question

traits were and are _____ ____ parts of the personality and were classified in several ways

answer

reaction tendencies; relatively permanent

question

the 2 traits in the first classification of traits

answer

common and unique

question

common traits

answer

possessed by all. thought to varying degree

question

unique traits

answer

shared by few

question

the 3 traits in the second classification of traits

answer

ability, temperament, dynamic

question

ability traits

answer

describe skills and how will work toward goals

question

temperament traits

answer

behavioral style in response to environment

question

dynamic traits

answer

describe driving forces; motivations and interests

question

the 2 traits in the third classification of traits

answer

surface and source

question

what are the 2 sub-traits of source traits

answer

constitutional and environmental-mold

question

surface traits

answer

correlated traits, without common factor/source

question

source traits

answer

stable, permanent

question

constitutional traits (sub trait of source traits)

answer

dependent on physiological, not necessarily innate

question

enviornmental-mold traits (sub trait of source traits)

answer

learned from social/environment interactions

question

source traits are ____ ___ and after 20 year of research Cattell identified ___ source traits as the ___ ___ of personality

answer

basic factors; 16; basic factors

question

source traits are presented in ____ ___ (2 end of continuum), use of ____ ___ and later added ______ traits that had ___ identifiers

answer

bipolar form; everyday language; temperament; 4

question

what are examples of temperament traits

answer

zest, excitability, politeness

question

erg; from factor analysis it identified ___ ergs (ex: anger, appeal, curiosity, disgust, gregariousness, etc)

answer

permanent, constitutional source traits that provide energy for goal-directed behavior; 11

question

sentiment (later called SEMS - _____)

answer

envionmental-mold traits that motivate behavior, a pattern of learned attitudes that focus on an aspect of a person's life; socially shaped eric manifolds

question

example of of a sentiment

answer

community, spouse

question

attitudes

answer

interests in and emotions/behaviors toward person, object, or event, broader in definition than usual

question

subsidiation

answer

relationships in chart/diagram of subsidiation

question

self-sentiment

answer

self-concept as organizer of attitudes and motivations

question

influences of heredity and environment are interests in ____ influences, similarities in ______ reared apart to estimate extent of ____ and ____ influence of traits; intelligence: timid-highly heritable

answer

relative; twins; genetic; environmental

question

what are the 6 stages of cattell's personality development

answer

infancy, childhood, adolescence, maturity, late maturity, old age

question

infancy

answer

weaning, toilet training, ego-superego and attitudes

question

childhood

answer

independence from parents; identification with peers

question

adolescence

answer

sex, independent

question

maturity

answer

career, marriage, family

question

late maturity

answer

response to change

question

old age

answer

loss of friends, career, status

question

focus on ____ of behavior that requires ___ and ____ but its more toward ____

answer

prediction; regularity; consistency; determinism

question

there is no _____ _____; no indication of influence of childhood on personality

answer

ultimate goal

question

both ___ and ___; common and unique traits also ____ then ___ about human nature and society

answer

nature and nurture; optimistic and pessimistic

question

the 3 assessments in cattell's theory

answer

l-data, q-data, 6-data

question

l-data

answer

life record ratings of behaviors observed in real-life situations

question

q-data

answer

self-report questionnaire data

question

t-data

answer

data derived from personality tests resistant of faking

question

research on cattells these 3 things

answer

bivariate (or univariate), clinical, multivariate

question

bivariate of univariate

answer

effect of one variable on another

question

clinical

answer

case study, dream analysis, etc.

question

multivariate have __ and __ techniques

answer

R - a lot of data from a lot of people, P - a lot of data from one person

question

reflections on cattell's theory is it is potential subjectivity in ____ ___ approach which means it is difficult replicate

answer

factor-analytic

question

reflections on cattell's theory is ____ (lack of acceptance) with a ___ approach as the only one

answer

complexity; defended

question

reflections on cattell's theory is ____ ____ but seldom read and is most popular in ____ and ____ ___ continues to fascinate

answer

widely respected; Europe; trait approach

question

behavior genetics

answer

study of the relationship between genetic or hereditary factors and personality traits

question

____ and ____ among the first to suggest role of ____ factors in personality

answer

allport and cattell; inherited

question

Cattell calls characteristics like intelligence and gregariousness _____ traits

answer

common

question

Temperament traits describe a person's...

answer

behavior

question

Personality characteristics that correlate with one another but do not constitute a factor are...

answer

source traits

question

The behavior that results from alcohol intake, for example, is called a/n ____ traits

answer

constitutional

question

environmental-mold traits are...

answer

learned characteristics

question

Cattell believed that he has identified 16 ___ traits that form the basis of personality

answer

source

question

cattell's 16PF test measures

answer

16 factors

question

the 2 kinds of dynamic, motivating traits are...

answer

ergs and sentiments

question

sentiments differ from ergs in that sentiments are...

answer

not permanent

question

subsidiation implies that

answer

sentiments are subsdiary to ergs

question

the dynamic lattice portrays the...

answer

relationship of ergs, sentiments and attitudes

question

In cattells theory, the self-sentiment...

answer

organizes our attitudes and motivations

question

to determine genetic and environmental influences on traits, cattell used..

answer

research on twin and non-twin siblings, some reared in the same family and some reared apart

question

cattell's data suggest that ____ of intelligence may by inherited rather than based on environmental factors

answer

80%

question

Cattell's theory discusses personality development...

answer

throughout the life span

question

cattell uses the term "infancy" to cover the period from birth to age...

answer

6

question

cattell accepts freud's ideas about

answer

infancy as crucial to personality formation

question

the 16 pf test is widely used...

answer

for personality research and for predicting occupational success

question

McCrea and Costa's five personality factors...

answer

include agreeableness and conscientiousness

question

McCrea and Costa believe the influence of heredity is most pronounced in the factors of...

answer

neuroticism and extraversion

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