psych unit 16 – Flashcards
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psychological approach
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reducing disorder involves providing help to individuals or families through psychological therapy, including psychoanalysis, humanistic-oriented therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and other approaches.
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biomedical approach
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reducing disorder is based on the use of medications to treat mental disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety, as well as the employment of brain intervention techniques, including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and psychosurgery.
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social approach
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reducing disorder focuses on changing the social environment in which individuals live to reduce the underlying causes of disorder. These approaches include group, couples, and family therapy, as well as community outreach programs. The community approach is likely to be the most effective of the three approaches for reaching large groups of people because it focuses not only on treatment, but on education about disorders and prevention of their occurrence in the first place.
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psychological assessment
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an evaluation of the patient's psychological and mental health. personality tests such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personal Inventory (MMPI-2) or projective tests, and will conduct a thorough interview with the patient
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DSM-5 Criteria for ADHD
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Inattention, Hyperactivity and Impulsivity,
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psychotherapy
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the professional treatment for psychological disorder through techniques designed to encourage communication of conflicts and insight
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Psychodynamic therapy (psychoanalysis)
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a psychological treatment based on Freudian and neo-Freudian personality theories in which the therapist helps the patient explore the unconscious dynamics of personality
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the process of interpretation
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allowing the therapist to try to understand the underlying unconscious problems that are causing the symptoms.
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free association
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therapist listens while the client talks about whatever comes to mind, without any censorship or filtering. The therapist then tries to interpret these free associations, looking for unconscious causes of symptoms.
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dream analysis
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analyze the symbolism of the dreams in an effort to probe the unconscious thoughts of the client and interpret their significance. the analyst discovers the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and interprets them for the patient.
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insight
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The goal of psychotherapy. an understanding of the unconscious causes of the disorder. the patient often shows resistance to these new understandings.
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resistance
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using defense mechanisms to avoid the painful feelings in his or her unconscious. patient might forget or miss appointments, or act out with hostile feelings toward the therapist
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transference
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the patient unconsciously redirects feelings experienced in an important personal relationship toward the therapist
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Interpretation
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the therapist uses the patient's expressed thoughts to try to understand the underlying unconscious problems. The analyst may try out some interpretations on the patient and observe how he or she responds to them.
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humanistic therapy
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a psychological treatment based on the personality theories of Carl Rogers and other humanistic psychologists.
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person-centered therapy (or client-centered therapy)
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an approach to treatment in which the client is helped to grow and develop as the therapist provides a comfortable, nonjudgmental environment.
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therapeutic alliance
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a relationship between the client and the therapist that is facilitated when the therapist is genuine (i.e., he or she creates no barriers to free-flowing thoughts and feelings), when the therapist treats the client with unconditional positive regard (i.e., values the client without any qualifications, displaying an accepting attitude toward whatever the client is feeling at the moment), and when the therapist develops empathy with the client (i.e., that he or she actively listens to and accurately perceives the personal feelings that the client experiences).
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cognitive therapy
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a psychological treatment that helps clients identify incorrect or distorted beliefs that are contributing to disorder. the therapist helps the patient develop new, healthier ways of thinking about themselves and about the others around them. The idea of cognitive therapy is that changing thoughts will change emotions, and that the new emotions will then influence behavior.
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rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)/rational emotive therapy (RET)
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the therapist's goal is to challenge these irrational thought patterns, helping the patient replace the irrational thoughts with more rational ones, leading to the development of more appropriate emotional reactions and behaviors. targets maladaptive thoughts to change negative emotions.
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Behavioral therapy
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psychological treatment that is based on principles of learning. The most direct approach is through operant conditioning using reward or punishment. Reinforcement may be used to teach new skills to people, for instance, those with autism or schizophrenia.
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Exposure therapy
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a behavioral therapy based on the classical conditioning principle of extinction in which people are confronted with a feared stimulus with the goal of decreasing their negative emotional responses to it. Exposure treatment can be carried out in real situations or through imagination, and it is used in the treatment of panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, OCD, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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flooding
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a client is exposed to the source of his fear all at once
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Systematic desensitization
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a behavioral treatment that combines imagining or experiencing the feared object or situation with relaxation exercises. The client and the therapist work together to prepare a hierarchy of fears, starting with the least frightening, and moving to the most frightening scenario surrounding the object as shown in the table below. The patient then confronts her fears in a systematic manner, sometimes using her imagination but usually, when possible, in real life.
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counterconditioning
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a second incompatible response (relaxation, e.g., through deep breathing) is conditioned to an already conditioned response (the fear response). The continued pairing of the relaxation responses with the feared stimulus as the patient works up the hierarchy gradually leads the fear response to be extinguished and the relaxation response to take its place.
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virtual reality CBT
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the therapist uses computer-generated, three-dimensional, lifelike images of the feared stimulus in a systematic desensitization program. Specially designed computer equipment, often with a head-mount display, is used to create a simulated environment. A common use is in helping soldiers who are experiencing PTSD return to the scene of the trauma and learn how to cope with the stress it invokes.
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Aversion therapy
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a type of behavior therapy in which positive punishment is used to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior. An unpleasant stimulus is intentionally paired with a harmful or socially unacceptable behavior until the behavior becomes associated with unpleasant sensations and is hopefully reduced. A child who wets his bed may be required to sleep on a pad that sounds an alarm when it senses moisture. Over time, the positive punishment produced by the alarm reduces the bedwetting behavior. Aversion therapy is also used to stop other specific behaviors such as nail biting.
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Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)
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a structured approach to treatment that attempts to reduce psychological disorders through systematic procedures based on cognitive and behavioral principles.CBT is based on the idea that there is a recursive link among our thoughts, our feelings, and our behavior. For instance, if we are feeling depressed, our negative thoughts ("I am doing poorly in my chemistry class") lead to negative feelings ("I feel hopeless and sad"), which then contribute to negative behaviors (lethargy, disinterest, lack of studying). used for the treatment of a variety of problems, including mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse, attention-deficit, and psychotic disorders. The procedures are problem-solving and action-oriented, and the client is forced to take responsibility for his or her own treatment. The client is assigned tasks to complete that will help improve the disorder and takes an active part in the therapy. The treatment usually lasts between 10 and 20 sessions.
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eclectic therapy
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the most commonly practiced approach to therapy. an approach to treatment in which the therapist uses whichever techniques seem most useful and relevant for a given patient. psychological skills training to help the patient cope with the severe highs and lows. dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)
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dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)
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is essentially a cognitive therapy, but it includes a particular emphasis on attempting to enlist the help of the patient in his or her own treatment. A dialectical behavioral therapist begins by attempting to develop a positive therapeutic alliance with the client, and then tries to encourage the patient to become part of the treament process. In DBT the therapist aims to accept and validate the client's feelings at any given time while nonetheless informing the client that some feelings and behaviors are maladaptive, and showing the client better alternatives. The therapist will use both individual and group therapy, helping the patient work toward improving interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance skills.
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Biomedical therapies
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treatments designed to reduce psychological disorder by influencing the action of the central nervous system. primarily involve the use of medications but also include direct methods of brain intervention, including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and psychosurgery. medication that influences the production and reuptake of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS)
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how do you treat ADHD
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biomedical therapy, usually along with cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). most commonly prescribed drugs for ADHD are psycho-stimulants, including Ritalin, Adderall, and Dexedrine. Given in small doses.
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Antidepressant medications
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drugs designed to improve moods. primarily in the treatment of depression, they are also effective for patients who suffer from anxiety, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. work by influencing the production and reuptake of neurotransmitters that relate to emotion, including serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
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tricyclic antidepressants
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The original antidepressants. Tofranil and Elavil. work by increasing the amount of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine at the synapses, but they also have severe side effects including potential increases in blood pressure and the need to follow particular diets
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monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),
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the original antidepressants. Nardil and Parnate. work by increasing the amount of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine at the synapses, but they also have severe side effects including potential increases in blood pressure and the need to follow particular diets
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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antidepressants most prescribed today. Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft, which are designed to selectively block the reuptake of serotonin at the synapse, thereby leaving more serotonin available in the CNS. safer, have fewer side effects than the tricyclics or the MAOIs. Patients who are suffering from bipolar disorder are not helped by the SSRIs or other antidepressants because their disorder also involves the experience of overly positive moods. Treatment is more complicated for these patients, often involving a combination of antipsychotics and antidepressants along with mood stabilizing medications.
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mood stabilizing medications
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combination with ssris to treat bipolar disorder. lithium carbonate (or "lithium"), Anticonvulsant medications, Depakote,
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Antianxiety medications
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drugs that help relieve fear or anxiety, increase the action of the neurotransmitter GABA. increased level of GABA helps inhibit the action of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, creating a calming experience.tranquilizers, known as benzodiazepines
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tranquilizers, known as benzodiazepines
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most common class of antianxiety medications. Ativan, Valium, and Xanax. act within a few minutes to treat mild anxiety disorders but also have major side effects. They are addictive, frequently leading to tolerance, and they can cause drowsiness, dizziness, and unpleasant withdrawal symptoms including relapses into increased anxiety. act within a few minutes to treat mild anxiety disorders but also have major side effects.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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a medical procedure designed to alleviate psychological disorder in which electric currents are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure. ECT has been used since the 1930s to treat severe depression. ECT is very effective; about 80% of people who undergo three sessions of ECT report dramatic relief from their depression. ECT reduces suicidal thoughts and is assumed to have prevented many suicides
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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
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A newer and gentler method of brain stimulation. a medical procedure designed to reduce psychological disorder that uses a pulsing magnetic coil to electrically stimulate the brain. work by activating neural circuits in the prefrontal cortex, which is less active in people with depression, causing an elevation of mood. TMS can be performed without sedation, does not cause seizures or memory loss, and may be as effective as ECT. been used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
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Psychosurgery
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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in the hope of improving disorder. for severe cases. most well-known psychosurgery is the prefrontal lobotomy. treat severe phobias and anxiety, the procedure destroys the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the rest of the brain. left many patients in worse condition than before, subjecting the already suffering patients and their families to further heartbreak. There are very few centers that still conduct psychosurgery today, and when such surgeries are performed, they are much more limited in nature and called cingulotomy.
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cingulotomy
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the psychosurgery still performed today that is much more limited in nature
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Group therapy
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psychotherapy in which clients receive psychological treatment together with others. professionally trained therapist guides the group, usually between 6 and 10 participants, to create an atmosphere of support and emotional safety for the participants. often cheaper than individual therapy, as the therapist can treat more people at the same time. allows people to help each other, by sharing ideas, problems, and solutions. It provides social support, offers the knowledge that other people are facing and successfully coping with similar situations, and allows group members to model the successful behaviors of other group members. found to be as or more effective than individual therapy. particularly effective for people who have life-altering illness, as it helps them cope better with their disease, enhances the quality of their lives, and in some cases has even been shown to help them live longer.
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Couples therapy
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treatment in which two people who are cohabitating, married, or dating meet together with the practitioner to discuss their concerns and issues about their relationship.
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family therapy
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families meeting together with a therapist
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self-help group
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a voluntary association of people who share a common desire to overcome psychological disorder or improve their well-being. have been used to help individuals cope with many types of addictive behaviors. AA.
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Community mental health services
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psychological treatments and interventions that are distributed at the community level. nurses, psychologists, social workers, and other professionals in sites such as schools, hospitals, police stations, drug treatment clinics, and residential homes. primary goal is prevention. Community prevention can be focused on one more of three levels: primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
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primary prevention
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prevention in which all members of the community receive the treatment. encourage all pregnant women to avoid cigarettes and alcohol because of the risk of health problems for the fetus.
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secondary prevention
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more limited and focuses on people who are most likely to need it—those who display risk factors for a given disorder.
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risk factors
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the social, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities that make it more likely than average that a given individual will develop a disorder. Child abuse and neglect, Dysfunctional family, early pregnancy
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tertiary prevention
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treatment, such as psychotherapy or biomedical therapy, that focuses on people who are already diagnosed with disorder.
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true or false: 78% of patients who die by suicide explicitly deny suicidal thoughts in their last verbal communications before killing themselves
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true
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outcome research
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studies that assess the effectiveness of medical treatments. the independent variable is the type of the treatment—for instance, whether it was psychological or biological in orientation or how long it lasted. In most cases characteristics of the client (e.g., his or her gender, age, disease severity, and prior psychological histories) are also collected as control variables. The dependent measure is an assessment of the benefit received by the client.
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natural improvement
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the possibility that people might get better over time, even without treatment.
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Nonspecific treatment effects
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when the patient gets better over time simply by coming to therapy, even though it doesn't matter what actually happens at the therapy sessions
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placebo effects
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improvements that occur as a result of the expectation that one will get better rather than from the actual effects of a treatment.
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meta-analysis
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a statistical technique that uses the results of existing studies to integrate and draw conclusions about those studies. On the basis of these and other meta-analyses, a list of bold—that is, therapies that are known to be effective—has been developed. (Chambless, D. L., and Hollon, S. D., 1998) (Hollon, S., Stewart, M., and Strunk, D., 2006) These therapies include cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy for depression; cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, and stress inoculation training for anxiety; CBT for bulimia; and behavior modification for bed-wetting.
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effect size
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a measure of the effectiveness of treatment
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Antidepressant medication to treat depression
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Quite helpful
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Antidepressant medication to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Somewhat helpful
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Antipsychotic medication to treat schizophrenia:
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quite helpful
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Antianxiety medication to treat generalized anxiety
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quite helpful
