question

Psychologists who study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another are called ______

answer

social psychologists

question

Heider's theory of how we explain others' behavior is the ______ theory. According to this theory, we attribute behavior either to an internal cause, which is called a ______, or an external cause, which is called a ______

answer

attribution; dispositional attribution; situational attribution

question

Most people tend to ______ (overestimate/underestimate) the extent to which people's actions are influenced by social situations because their ______ is focused on the person. This tendency is called the ______

answer

underestimate; attention; fundamental attribution error

question

When explaining our own behavior, or that of someone we know well, this tendency is ______ (stronger/weaker). When observers view the world from others' perspectives, attributions are ______ (the same/reversed)

answer

weaker; reversed

question

Give an example of the practical consequences of attributions

answer

Our attributions - to individuals' dispositions or situations - have important practical consequences. A hurtful remark from an acquaintance, for example, is more likely to be forgiven if it is attributed to a temporary situation than to a mean disposition

question

Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose our responses are called ______

answer

attitudes

question

When people focus on an issue and respond favorable to an argument, ______ has occurred. Persuasion may also occur through the ______ (slower/faster) ______ as people respond to incidental cues such as a speaker's appearance

answer

central route persuasion; faster; peripheral route

question

Many research studies demonstrate that our attitudes are strongly influenced by our ______. One example of this is the tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply later with a larger one. This is the ______ phenomenon

answer

actions (or behavior); foot-in-the-door

question

When you follow the social prescriptions for how you should act as, say, a college student, you are adopting a ______

answer

role

question

Taking on a set of behaviors, or acting in a certain way, generally ______ (changes/does not change) people's attitudes

answer

changes

question

According to ______ theory, thoughts and feelings change because people are motivated to justify actions that would otherwise seem hypocritical. This theory was proposed by Leon Festinger

answer

cognitive dissonance

question

Dissonance theory predicts that people induced (without coercion) to behave contrary to their attitudes will be motivated to reduce the resulting ______ by changing their ______

answer

dissonance; attitudes

question

The chameleon effect refers to our natural tendency to unconsciously ______ others' expressions, postures, and voice tones. This helps us to feel what they are feeling, referred to as ______

answer

mimic; mood linkage

question

Copycat violence is a serious example of the effects of ______ on behavior

answer

suggestibility

question

Sociologists have found that suicides sometimes increase following a ______ suicide

answer

highly publicized

question

The term that refers to the tendency to adjust one's behavior to coincide with an assumed group standard is ______

answer

conformity

question

They psychologist who first studied the effects of group pressure on conformity is ______

answer

Solomon Asch

question

In this study, when the opinion of other group members was contradicted by objective evidence, research participants ______ (were/were not) willing to conform to the group opinion

answer

were

question

One reason that people comply with social pressures is to gain approval or to avoid rejection; this is called ______

answer

normative social influence

question

Another reason people comply is that they have genuinely been influenced by what they have learned from others; this type of influence is called ______

answer

informational social influence

question

The classic social psychology studies of obedience were conducted by Stanley Milgram. When ordered by the experimenter to electrically shock the "learner," the majority of participants (the "teachers") in these studies ______ (complied/refused)

answer

complied

question

More recent studies have found that women's compliance rates in similar situations were ______ (higher than/lower than/similar to) men's

answer

similar to

question

List the conditions under which obedience was highest in Milgram's studies

answer

Obedience was highest when the person giving the orders was close at hand and perceived to be a legitimate authority figure, the authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution, the victim was depersonalized or at a distance, and when there were no role models for defiance

question

In getting people to administer increasingly larger shocks, Milgram was in effect applying the ______ technique

answer

foot-in-the-door

question

The Asch and Milgram studies demonstrate that strong ______ influences can make ______ people ______ to falsehoods and ______ orders to commit cruel acts

answer

social; ordinary; conform; obey

question

The tendency to perform a task better when other people are present is called ______

answer

social facilitation

question

In general, people become aroused in the presence of others, and arousal enhances the correct response on a(n) ______ (easy/difficult) task. Later research revealed that arousal strengthens the response that is most ______ in a given situation

answer

easy; likely

question

Researchers have found that the reactions of people in crowded situations are often ______ (lessened/amplified)

answer

amplified; e.g. watching a movie alone you barely react, but when you watch in a movie theater you laugh a lot

question

Ingham found that people worked ______ (harder/less hard) in a team tug-of-war than they had in an individual contest. This phenomenon has been called ______

answer

less hard; social loafing

question

The feeling of anonymity and loss of self-restraint that an individual may develop when in a group is called ______

answer

deindividuation

question

Over time, the initial differences between groups usually ______ (increase/decrease)

answer

increase

question

The enhancement of each group's prevailing tendency over time is called ______. Electronic discussions on the ______ provide a medium for this tendency

answer

group polarization; Internet

question

When the desire for group harmony overrides realistic thinking in individuals, the phenomenon known as ______ has occurred

answer

groupthink; e.g. failure to anticipate Pearl Harbor, Watergate coverup

question

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions of a group of people and transmitted form one generation to the next defines the group's ______

answer

culture

question

One landmark of human culture is the preservation of ______, which is derived from our mastery of ______, so that we can pass it on to future generations. Culture also enables an efficient division of ______

answer

innovation; language; labor

question

All cultural groups evolve their own rules for expected behavior, called ______

answer

norms

question

One such rule involves the buffer zone that people maintain around their bodies, called ______

answer

personal space

question

Identify several cultural differences in personal space, expressiveness, and pace of life

answer

Most North Americans, the British, and Scandinavians prefer more personal space than do Latin Americans, Arabs, and the French. Cultural differences in expressiveness and the pace of life often create misunderstandings. For example, people with northern European roots may perceive people from Mediterranean cultures as warm and charming but inefficient, while Mediterraneans may see the northern Europeans as efficient but emotionally cold

question

The speed at which culture changes is much ______ (faster/slower) than the pace of evolutionary changes in the human ______

answer

faster; gene pool

question

In considering the power of social influence, we cannot overlook the interaction of ______ (the power of the situation) and ______ (the power of the individual)

answer

social control; personal control

question

The power of one or two individuals to sway the opinion of the majority is called ______ (e.g. Rosa Parks)

answer

minority influence

question

A majority opinion will have the most success in swaying the majority if it takes a stance that is ______ (unswerving/flexible)

answer

unswerving

question

Prejudice is an ______ (and usually ______) attitude toward a group that involves overgeneralized beliefs known as ______

answer

unjustifiable; negative; stereotypes

question

Like all attitudes, prejudice is a mixture of ______, ______, and predispositions to ______

answer

beliefs; emotions; action

question

Prejudice is a negative ______, and ______ is a negative ______

answer

attitude; discrimination; behavior

question

Americans today express ______ (less/the same/more) racial and gender prejudice than they did 50 years ago

answer

less

question

(text and Close-Up) Blatant forms of prejudice ______ (have/have not) diminished. However, even people who deny holding prejudiced attitudes may carry negative ______ about race

answer

have; associations

question

(Close-Up) Studies of prejudice indicate that it is often unconscious, or ______. Several studies have shown that the more a person's features are perceived as typical of their ______, the more likely they are to elicit ______ responding

answer

implicit; racial category; race-based

question

(Close-Up) Today's biopsychosocial approach has stimulated neuroscience studies that have detected implicit prejudice in people's ______-muscle responses and in the activation of their brain's ______

answer

facial; amygdala

question

Worldwide, ______ (women/men) are more likely to live in poverty. People tend to perceive women as being more ______ and ______ and less ______ than men

answer

women; nurturant; sensitive; aggressive

question

For those with money, power, and prestige, prejudice often serves as a means of ______ social inequalities

answer

justifying

question

Discrimination increases prejudice through the tendency of people to ______ victims for their plight

answer

blame

question

Through our ______, we associate ourselves with certain groups

answer

social identities

question

Prejudice is also fostered by the ______, a tendency to favor groups to which one belongs - called the ______ - while excluding others, or the ______

answer

ingroup bias; ingroup; outgroup

question

Research studies also reveal that the terror of facing ______ tends to heighten patriotism and produce loathing and aggression toward people who threaten one's ______

answer

death; world

question

That prejudice derives from attempts to blame others for one's frustration is proposed by the ______ theory

answer

scapegoat; e.g. negative stereotypes to Arab-Americans after 9/11

question

People who feel loved and supported become more ______ to and ______ of those who differ from them

answer

open; accepting

question

Research suggests that prejudice may also derive from ______, the process by which we attempt to simplify our world by classifying people into groups. One by-product of this process is that people tend to ______ the similarity of those within a group. One manifestation of this is the ______, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than those of other races.

answer

categorization; overestimate; other-race effect

question

Another factor that fosters the formation of group stereotypes and prejudice is the tendency to ______ from vivid or memorable cases

answer

overgeneralize

question

The belief that people get what they deserve - that the good are rewarded and bad punished - is expressed in the ______ phenomenon. This phenomenon is based in part on ______, the tendency to believe that one would have foreseen how something turned out

answer

just-world; hindsight bias

question

Aggressive behavior is defined by psychologists as ______. Thus, psychologists ______ (do/do not) consider assertive salespeople to be aggressive

answer

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy; do not

question

Like other behaviors, aggression emerges from the interaction of ______ and ______

answer

biology; experience

question

Today, most psychologists ______ (do/do not) consider human aggression to be instinctive

answer

do not

question

In humans, aggressiveness ______ (varies/does not vary) greatly from culture to culture, era to era, and person to person

answer

varies

question

That there are genetic influences on aggression can be shown by the fact that many species of animals have been ______ for aggressiveness

answer

bred

question

Twin studies suggest that genes ______ (do/do not) influence human aggression

answer

do

question

One genetic marker of those who commit the most violence is the ______ chromosome. Studies of violent criminals reveal diminished activity in the brain's ______, which play an important role in controlling ______

answer

Y; frontal loves; impulses

question

In humans and animals, aggression is facilitated by ______ systems, which are in turn influenced by ______, alcohol, and other substances in the blood

answer

neural; hormones

question

The aggressive behavior of animals can be manipulated by altering the levels of the hormone ______. When this level is ______ (increased/decreased), aggressive tendencies are reduced

answer

testosterone; decreased

question

High levels of testosterone correlate with ______, low tolerance for ______, ______, and ______. Among teenage boys and adult men, high testosterone also correlates with ______, hard ______, and aggressive-bullying responses to ______

answer

irritability; frustration; assertiveness; impulsiveness; delinquency; drug use; frustration

question

With age, testosterone levels - and aggressiveness - ______ (increase/decrease). Although testosterone heightens aggressiveness, aggression ______ (increases/decreases) testosterone level

answer

decrease; increases

question

One drug that unleashes aggressive responses to provocation is ______

answer

alcohol

question

According to the ______ principle, inability to achieve a goal leads to anger, which may generate aggression

answer

frustration-aggression

question

Other aversive stimuli can provoke hostility, including ____________

answer

physical pain; personal insults; foul odors; hot temperatures; cigarette smoke

question

Aggressive behavior can be learned through ______, as shown by the fact that people use aggression where they're found it pays, and through ______ of others

answer

rewards; observation (or imitation)

question

Also, those who have been socially rejected, or ______, are more likely to respond aggressively to insults

answer

ostracized

question

Crime rates are higher in countries in which there is a large disparity between those who are ______ and those who are ______. High violence rates also are typical of cultures and families in which there is minimal ______

answer

rich; poor; father care

question

Once established, aggressive behavior patterns are ______ (difficult/not difficult) to change. However, ______ programs have been successful in bringing down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders and gang members

answer

difficult; aggression-replacement

question

Violence on television tends to ______ people to cruelty and ______ them to respond aggressively when they are provoked

answer

desensitize; prime

question

The "rape myth" is the mistaken idea that ____________. Most rapists ______ (accept/do not accept) this myth

answer

some women invite or enjoy rape; accept

question

Comment on the impression of women that pornography frequently conveys and the effects this impression has on attitudes and behavior

answer

Pornography tends to portray women as enjoying being the victims of sexual aggression, and this perception increases the acceptance of coercion in sexual relationships. Repeatedly watching X-rated films also makes one's partner seem less attractive, makes a woman's friendliness seem more sexual, and makes sexual aggression seem less serious

question

Summarize the findings of the Zilmann and Bryant study on the effects of pornography on attitudes toward rape

answer

The study by Dolf Zillman and Jennings Bryant found that after viewing sexually explicit films for several weeks, undergraduates were more likely to recommend a lighter prison sentence for a convicted rapist than those who viewed nonerotic films

question

Experiments have shown that, among other factors, depictions by the media of ______ most directly affect men's acceptance and performance of aggression against women. Such depictions may create ______ to which people respond when they are in new situations or are uncertain how to act

answer

sexual violence; social scripts

question

Kids who play a lot of violent video games see the world as more ______, get into more ______ and ______, and get worse ______

answer

hostile; arguments; fights; grades

question

Research studies of the impact of violent video games ______ (confirm/disconfirm) the idea that we feel better if we "blow off steam" by venting our emotions. This idea is the ______. Expressing anger breeds ______ (more/less) anger

answer

disconfirm; catharsis hypothesis; more

question

Many factors contribute to aggression, including ______ factors, such as an increase in testosterone; ______ factors, such as frustration; and ______ factors, such as deindividualation

answer

biological; psychological; social-cultural

question

A prerequisite for, and perhaps the most powerful predictor of, attraction is ______

answer

proximity

question

When people are repeatedly exposed to unfamiliar stimuli, their liking of the stimuli ______ (increases/decreases). This phenomenon is the ______ effect

answer

increases; mere exposure

question

For our ancestors for whom the unfamiliar was often dangerous, this effect was ______. One implication of this is that ______ against those who are culturally different may be a primitive, ______ emotional response

answer

adaptive; prejudice; automatic

question

Our first impression of another person is most influenced by the person's ______

answer

appearance

question

In a sentence, list several of the characteristics that physically attractive people are judged to possess:

answer

Attractive people are perceived as happier, more sensitive, more successful, and more socially skilled

question

A person's attractiveness ______ (is/is not) strongly related to his or her self-esteem or happiness

answer

is not

question

Cross-cultural research reveals that men judge women as more attractive is they have a ______ appearance, whereas women judge men who appear ______, ______, and ______ as more attractive

answer

youthful; mature; dominant; affluent

question

People also seem to prefer physical features that are neither unusually ______ nor ______. Average faces, which tend to be ______, are judged to be more sexually attractive

answer

large; small; symmetrical

question

Compared with strangers, friends and couples are more likely to be similar in terms of ____________

answer

attitudes, beliefs, interests, religion, race, education, intelligence, smoking behavior, economic status, age

question

Explain what a reward theory of attraction is and how it can account for the three predictors of liking - proximity, attractiveness, and similarity

answer

A reward theory of attraction says that we are attracted to, and continue relationships with, those people whose behavior provides us with more benefits than costs. Proximity makes it easy to enjoy the benefits of friendship at little cost, attractiveness is pleasing, and similarity is reinforcing to us

question

Elaine Hatfield has distinguished two types of love: ______ love and ______ love

answer

passionate; companionate

question

According to the two-factor theory, emotions have two components: physical ______ and a ______ label

answer

arousal; cognitive

question

When college men were placed in an aroused state, their feelings toward an attractive woman ______ (were/were not) more positive than those of men who had not been aroused

answer

were

question

Companionate love is promoted by ______ - mutual sharing and giving by both partners. Another key ingredient of loving relationships is the revealing of intimate aspects of ourselves through ______

answer

equity; self-disclosure

question

An unselfish regard for the welfare of others is called ______

answer

altruism

question

Give an example of altruism

answer

Giving food and shelter to people displaced by an earthquake, hurricane, or other major disaster without expectation of reward

question

According to John Darley and Bibb Latane, people will help only if a three-stage decision-making process is completed: Bystanders must first ______ the incident, then ______ it as an emergency, and finally ______ for helping

answer

notice; interpret; assume responsibility

question

When people who overheard a seizure victim calling for help thought others were hearing the same plea, they were ______ (more/less) likely to go to his aid than when they thought no one else was aware of the emergency

answer

less

question

In a series of staged accidents, Latane and Darley found that a bystander was ______ (more/less) likely to help if other bystanders were present. This phenomenon has been called that ______

answer

less; bystander effect

question

Identify the circumstances in which a person is most likely to offer help during an emergency

answer

People are most likely to help someone when they have just observed someone else being helpful; when they are not in a hurry; when the victim appears to need and deserve help; when they are in some way similar to the victim; when in a small town or rural area; when feeling guilt; when not preoccupied; and when in a good mood

question

The idea that social behavior aims to maximize rewards and minimize costs is proposed by ______ theory

answer

social exchange

question

One rule of social behavior tells us to return help to those who have helped us; this is the ______ norm

answer

reciprocity

question

Another rule tells us to help those who need our help; this is the ______ norm

answer

social-responsibility

question

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas is called ______. This perception can take place between individuals, ______, or ______

answer

conflict; groups; nations

question

Situations is which conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior by pursuing their own self-interests are called ______

answer

social traps

question

The distorted images people in conflict form of each other are called ______ perceptions. These perceptions may become ______ that confirm themselves by influencing others to react in ways that seem to justify them

answer

mirror-image; self-fulfilling prophecies

question

In most situations, establishing contact between two conflicting groups ______ (is/is not) sufficient to resolve conflict

answer

is not

question

In Muzafer Sherif's study, two conflicting groups of campers were able to resolve their conflicts by working together on projects in which they shared ______ goals

answer

superordinate

question

Shared ______ breed solidarity, as demonstrated by a surge in the use of the word ______ in the weeks after 9/11

answer

predicaments; "we"

question

When conflicts arise, a third-party ______ may facilitate communication and promote understanding

answer

mediator

question

Charles Osgood has advanced a strategy of reconciliation called GRIT, which stands for ______. They key to this method is each side's offering of a small ______ gesture in order to increase mutual trust and cooperation

answer

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction; conciliatory

[PSYCH] Unit 14 – Social Psychology – Flashcards

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