psych unit 10: social psychology – Flashcards
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scientific study of how individuals behave, think, and feel in social situations; how people act in the presence (actual or implied) of others
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social psychology
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ongoing pattern of life that is passed from one generation to another
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culture
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suggested that we have a tendency to give casual explanations for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
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Fritz Heider
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making inferences about the causes of ones behavior and others' behavior -consistency: person's behavior changes very little in many different circumstances -consensus: others behave as you do -distinctiveness: noticing that a behavior only occurs under certain circumstances
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attribution theory (ACDC)
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the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others
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fundamental attribution error
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a belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events
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attitude
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assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners devloped role-appropriate attitudes
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Zimbardo
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when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
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cognitive dissonance
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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conformity
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an influence resulting from one's willingnes to accept other's opinions about reality.
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group pressure & conformity
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participants are strangers ideal group size (3-7) culture encourages social norms do you like group respect group
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most likely to conform if:
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection. a person may respect normative behavior because there may be a severe price to pay if not respected
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normative social influence
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the group may provide valuable information, but stubborn people will never listen to others. (don't know answer, go with what group says)
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informational social influence
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bending to the requests of one person who has little or no authority or social power
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compliance
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a person who has agreed to a small request is more likely later to agree to a larger demand
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foot-in-the-door effect
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a person who has refused a major request will be more likely later on to comply with a smaller request
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door-in-the-face technique
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gives compliment, then asks for request
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ingretation
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commitment is gained first to reasonable or desirable terms, which are then made less reasonable or desirable
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low-ball technique
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passively bending to unreasonable demands or circumstances
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passive compliance
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tested obedience. thought they were shocking the learner. 65% went all the way to 450 volts. group support can reduce destructive obedience
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Stanley Milgram
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1. any responsiblity is felt for their actions 2. others disobey 3. disobey in the past- do it again 4. credible authority figure 5. high self-esteem
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go against obedience/ disobey:
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refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
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social facilitation
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the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
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social loafing
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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deindividuation
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enhances a group's prevailing attitudes through a discussion. if a gropu is like-minded, discussion strengthens it prevailing opinions and attitudes
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group polarization
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a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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groupthink
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simply called "prejudgment".an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. often directed twoards different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups
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prejudice
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can be any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone whom is motivated to avoid the harm. it may be done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end. research shows that aggressive behavior emerges from the interaction of biology and experience
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aggression
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animals have been bred for aggressiveness for sport and at times for research. twin studies show aggression may be genetic
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aggression- genetic influences
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some centers in the brain, especially the limbic system (amygdala) and the frontal lobe, are intimately involved
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aggression- neural influences
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animals with diminished amounts of testosterone (castration) become docile and if injected with testosterone aggression increases.
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aggression- biochemical influences
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1. dealing with aversive events 2. learning aggression is rewarding 3. observing models of aggression 4. acquiring social scripts
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psychology of aggression
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studies in which animals and humans experience unpleasant events revela that those made miserable often make others miserable
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aversive events
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a principle in which frustration (caused by the blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
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perceived as an imcompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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conflict
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situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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social trap
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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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superordinate goals
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strategy designed to decrease international tensions. one side recognizes mutual interests and intitiates a small conciliatory act that opens the door for reciprocation by the other party
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graduated & reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction (GRIT)
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geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship.
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proximity (propinquity)
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repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
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mere exposure effect
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once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance
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physical attractiveness
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similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen
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similarity
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a record of achievement leadership qualities skill at his job earning potential a sense of humor intellectual ability attentiveness common sense moral perception good abstract reasoning
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top 10 attributes women look for in men
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physical attractiveness sexual compatibility warmth and affection social skills homemaking ability dress sense sensitivity to others needs good taste moral perception artistic creativity
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top 10 attributes men look for in women
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. sometimes called infatuation
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passionate love
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a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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companionate love
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process of revealing private thoughts, attitudes, feelings and ones history to others know you have a true friend
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self-disclosure
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return in kind; reciprocal exchange
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reciprocity
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self-disclosure that excees what is appropriate for a relationship or social situation
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overdisclosure
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tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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bystander effect
